Transcript Ecosystems and Communities March 22, 2011

Ecosystems and
Communities
March 22, 2011
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Turn in your cycles of matter hw!!
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Warm Up: How is the flow of energy different
from the flow of matter?
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Anticipation Guide!
Competition
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Occurs when organisms of the same or different
species attempt to use an ecological resource in
the same place at the same time.
Resources-any necessity of life
Competitive Exclusion Principle
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No two species can occupy the same niche in
the same habitat at the same time.
Predation
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Interaction in which one organism captures and
feeds on another organism.
Predator vs. Prey
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Give me some examples!
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Predation
Symbiosis
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Any relationship in which two species live closely
together.
Types of Symbiotic Relationships:
 Mutualism-both benefit,  
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Commensalism-one member benefits, other
neither helped nor harmed,  :
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Ex. Flowers and insects
Ex. Barnacles and whale
Parasitism-one helped, one harmed,  
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Ex. Tapeworms and mammals
Mutualism

Commensalism
 :-
Parasitism
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Ecological Relationships
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After a student reads the scenario, hold up
which card you think BEST APPLIES.
Commensalism
 Mutualism
 Parasitism
 Predation
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Symbiotic Relationships
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Complete the manipulative set with your
partner. Call me to check on it!
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Anticipation Guide – recap!
When finished, start the handout. Finish for hw!!!
 Circle the correct relationship (a, b or c)
 Write which type of symbiosis that relationship
is.
March 23, 2011
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Bring book tomorrow and Friday!!!
Quiz on Friday – Chapters 3 and 4 – No notes!
Warm Up –
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What is symbiosis?
What are the three symbiotic relationships?
Review Cycles/Anticipation Guide/Exit Ticket
Create a symbiotic bat!
Definition
 Example
 Picture of what it is
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March 24, 2011
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Bring Book Again Tomorrow!
Symbiosis PP Review with homework!
Symbiosis Worksheet – PART I ONLY!!!!
Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors
 Together
determine survival and
growth of an organism and
productivity of the ecosystem.
 Biotic Factors
 Abiotic Factors
 Niche
A. biotic factors- the biological influences on
organisms within an ecosystem
-living things!
B. abiotic factors-physical or nonliving factors that
shape an ecosystem
-nonliving things!
C. niche-the full range of physical and biological
conditions in which and organism lives and how it
uses them
NICHE describes the job of the organism
within the ecosystem – it is the full range of
physical and biological conditions it
lives in and out it uses those conditions!
Here is a picture of a worm
and its niche…how can we
describe a worm’s niche?
Describe your niche!!
Biotic Factor
Abiotic Factor
Definition:
Definition:
3 Examples:
3 Examples:
How is a niche different than a habitat????
The Role of Climate
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Are all species able to tolerant all environmental
conditions?
Temperature, precipitation and other
environmental factors in the atmosphere
combine to produce climate and weather.
Weather vs. Climate
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Weather-day to day
Climate-year to year
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Climate is caused by many factors.
The energy of incoming sunlight drives
Earth’s weather and in turn determines
climate.
The Greenhouse Effect
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Atmospheric gases
trap heat energy and
maintain Earth’s
temperature range.
Gases act like a “glass
window” of a
greenhouse.
Heat is retained by
layer of greenhouse
gases creating effect.
Greenhouse Effect
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Greenhouse gases allow solar energy to
penetrate the atmosphere.
Converted into heat energy as it hits the
Earth’s surface and radiates back into the
atmosphere.
But, the gases do not allow the escape as easily
as the entrance.
In turn, heat is trapped in the atmosphere.
Latitude’s Effect on Climate
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Earth is tilted, so solar
radiation strikes at
different parts of Earth’s
surface at angles that
vary at different times of
year.
This causes three climate
zones: polar, temperate
and tropical
Winds and Ocean Currents
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The unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives
wind and ocean currents transporting heat
throughout the biosphere.
The upward movement of warm air and
downward movement of cool air create air
currents or winds moving heat.
The flow of water due to temperature as well as
by winds causes ocean currents.
Ocean currents also transport heat energy and
in turn affect weather and climate.
Ecological Succession
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Ecosystems constantly change due to natural
and human disturbances.
Series of unpredictable changes
Primary succession: succession that occurs on
surfaces with no soil
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Ex. After a volcanic eruption
Pioneer species
Secondary succession: soil is present
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Ex. Land cleared for farming is abandoned or after
wildfires in woodlands
Primary Succession = No soil!
Secondary Succession
Aquatic Ecosystems
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Determined primarily by depth, flow,
temperature, and chemistry of the overlying
water.
Marine – saltwater/oceanic
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Limiting Nutrient = nitrogen!
Freshwater – flowing (rivers) or standing (lakes,
ponds)
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Limiting Nutrient = phosphorus!
Coral Reefs
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Named for coral animals with calcium carbonate
skeletons
Biomes
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Complex terrestrial communities that covers a
large area
Tolerance: ability to survive and reproduce
under conditions that differ from optimal ones
Microclimate
Tropical Rain Forest
Tropical Dry Forest
Tropical Savanna
Tropical Savanna
Deserts
Temperate Grassland
Temperate Woodland and Scrubland
Temperate Forest
Northwestern Coniferous Forest
Boreal Forest
Tundra