Transcript 06-Bio_PPT_ShihHsiungLiang

Status of Exotic Animals in Taiwan
Through a Survey of Pet Trade
Shih-hsiung Liang, Jiun-hong Chen,
Ping-chun Hou, Ming-chung Tu, and
Bao-sen Shieh
Professor
Dept. of Biotechnology
National Kaohsiung Normal
University
Economic Damage of invasion animals
• 1906 – 1991
3 invasive aquatic invertebrate –
$1,207 million US
(US Congress 1993)
• 2001 – $ 336 Billion US
US, UK, Australia, South Africa, India, and
Brazil
(Pimentel et al. 2001)
Negative Impact of Invasion Animals
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Predation
Competition
Hybridization
Disease and parasite
Ecosystem Modification
Threat to human safety and health
others
Invasion Mechanism
• Shipping –
hulls, ballast water, and dry ballast
• Non-Shipping –
Commercial enterprises (agriculture,
seafood, bait, and pet trade)
Research and Education Use (public
aquarium and universities)
Private and Government activities
(biocontrol, man-made canal, and
restoration)
(Shannon et al. 2005)
Pet trade is an important
pathway of animal invasion
• Aquarium ornamental trade is the most
important pathway of invasion by
nonindigenous species worldwide
(USGG 2003, Hayes et al. 2005)
• 1/3 of the IUCN listed 100 worst
invasive species originate from
aquarium or ornamental release
(Padilla and Williams, 2004)
Invasion animals through pet trade in Taiwan
objectives
• to establish the species list of exotic animals,
including aquatic invertebrates, fishes,
amphibians, reptiles, and birds, in pet trade
of Taiwan
• To identify pet animals with high invasion
risk
• To suggest management strategies to
prevent further invasion of exotic pet animals
Materials and Methods
• Sampling Period:
March 2004 – Feb. 2005, and survey continued
annually until 2009
• Sampling location: Urban regions in Northern,
Central, and Southern Taiwan
• Sampling sites:
pet shop, aquarium, night market,
wholesaler, chain store
• Sampling frequency: seasonal (4 times/yr)
• Invasive potential : based on the recorded
number, appeared frequency, native geographic
region, and known invasive situation around the
world
Survey Result
Animal
Categories
Invertebrate
Shop No.
Identified
Species
278
Shop Records
> 278
Fish
67
198
> 293 exotic
Amphibian
434
543
52
Reptile
341
428
239 exotic
993
(23 unidentified)
Bird
146
> 146
261 exotic
Total
1266
> 1593
> 1838
1266 pet shops, more than 1600 shop-records, and greater than 1000
exotic species were documented
Invertebrate
• 993 recorded species, 109 commonly imported
species (freshwater 13, Marine 96)
• Freshwater: mainly Decapoda (62%) and Gastropoda
(38%) (shrimp, crayfish, and snail)
• Marine: Anthozoa (73%) and Decapoda (11%) (coral,
shrimp, anemone, crab, clam, starfish, sea cucumber)
• Tropical Asia region are the major imported
locations; Freshwater 60% (119/199), Marine (Pacific
and Indo-Pacific region 68.2% (677/993).
• Freshwater species, especially snails, may have a
higher invasive potential in Taiwan
Exotic invertebrate with higher invasive potential
Cribrinopsis crassa
Lima scabra
Indoplanorbis exustus
Alcyonium palmatum
Phyllorhiza punctata
Cherax destructor
Pomacea bridge
Procambarus clarkii
Fish
• 836 commercial names, 293 exotic species in 48
families
• Native geographic regions: mainly from tropical area
Africa (110, 37.5%), Central & South America (101,
34.5%), Asia (59, 20.1%), others (23, 7.8%)
• 16 invasion species, 12 are still commercialize
• Invasion species
Belontiidae (6, 37.5%), Cichilidae (4, 25%),
Loricariidae (2), Cyprinidae (2), Poeciliidae (2)
• Current invasion pet fishes are mainly Asian and
Central & South American species with high
pollution tolerance, flexible feeding habits, and
young-protection behavior
Exotic fish species with higher invasive potential
Cichlasoma salvini
七彩波羅
Cichlasoma citrinellum
紅魔鬼
Cichlasoma managuense Geophagus brasiliensis
珍珠石斑
鑽石藍星
Barbodes schwanenfeldii Hypostomus plecostomus Trichogaster leeri
泰國鯽
琵琶鼠魚
珍珠馬甲
Trichogaster trichopterus
青萬隆
Trichogaster lalia
一片藍麗麗
Trichogaster labiosa
大紅麗麗
Poecilia reticulate
孔雀魚
Amphibian
• 52 species in 15 families (3 native, 49 exotics,
exotic/native ratio: 16)
• Native geographic regions:
North and South America (27, 51.9%), Africa (19, 36.5%),
Asia (15, 28.8%), and others (3, 5.8%)
• Families with higher recorded number
Dendrobatidae (10), Hylidae (6), Leptodactylidae (6),
Mantellidae (6)
• 16 species are listed in CITES Appendix II
• Most frequently displayed species:
horned frog (Ceratophrys cranwelli),
American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)
• Invasion species: Asian painted frog
(Kaloula pulchra), American bullfrog
Exotic amphibian species with higher invasive potential
Cynops orientalis
中國火龍
Litoria caerulea
懷特樹蛙
Dyscophus guineti
Lepidobatrachus llanensis 蕃茄蛙
貓眼珍珠蛙
Ceratophrys cranwelli
綠角蛙
Xenopus laevis
非洲爪蟾
Lepidobatrachus laevis
圓眼珍珠蛙
Rana catesbeiana
美洲牛蛙
Reptile
• 239 exotic species in 32 families:
Lizard (126, 52.7%), turtle (85, 35.6%), snake (26,
10.9%), gator (2, 0.8%)
• 111 species are listed in CITES Appendix I, II, and III
• Larger pet shop carry most of species (89%, 213/239)
• Seasonal turnover rate is high, averaged 31.5%
(seasonal new species: Jun-Aug 29, Sep-Nov 22,
Dec-Feb 22)
• At least 14 species are considered dangerous to
human
Exotic reptile species with higher invasive potential
Trachemys scripta elegans Carettochelys insculpta
紅耳泥龜
豬鼻龜
Geochelone elegans
印度星龜
Eublepharis macularius
豹紋守宮
Macroclemys temmincki
鱷龜
Iguana iguana
綠鬣蜥
Pseudemys concinna
甜甜龜
Lampropeltis getula
californiae
加州王蛇
Uniqueness of pet Amphibian and Reptile in
3 major urban regions in Taiwan
50
Amphibian
Total Reptile Species
Total species
Unique Species
45
Reptile
350
Unique Reptile Species
300
40
250
35
Spe c i e s
Species
30
25
20
15
200
150
100
10
50
5
0
0
Northern Taiwan
Central Taiwan
Southern Taiwan
Northern Taiwan
Central
Southern Taiwan
Regions
Regions
Northern
Central Taiwan
Southern
Northern
Central
Southern
1. Whole sales imported different animals from different countries in
different seasons (mean averaged uniqueness %: approximately 30%).
2. The pet wholesalers in 3 major urban regions in Taiwan are
independent, indicating each region has its own suppliers.
Bird
• 2005 survey: 261 exotic species in 28 families,
1995 survey: 85 exotic species,
Increase more than 3 times in 10 yr
Based on these two surveys, at least 290 exotic pet
birds are imported into Taiwan in the last 10 years.
• 93 species escaped, 28 (30.1%) in 11 families
breeding in wild
• Bird families with statistically significant higher
escaping and breeding rate than the others
Greater Escaping rate: Sturnidae (19, 19/23), Timaliidae
(8, 8/14), Cacatuidae (7, 7/11), Pycnonotidae (4, 4/5)
Higher breeding rate: Estrildidae (6, 6/10)
Exotic bird species with higher invasive potential
1.爪哇雀
3.白頭文鳥
2.白尾八哥
4.大陸畫眉
5.栗腹文鳥
8.葵花鳳頭鸚鵡
7.紅色吸蜜鸚鵡
10.九官鳥
9.印度銀嘴文鳥
6.家八哥
Conclusions (I)
• Pet trade is an important pathway of animal
invasion in Taiwan
Commercial exotic/native species ratio =
Fish 100%; Amphibian 16; Reptile 33; Bird 4
• Regional pet wholesalers and chain stores
need to be monitored
1. Wholesalers carried most exotic animal species
2. Seasonal imported different animal species from
different countries
3. Regional wholesaler in major cities of Taiwan
might be independent, especially for amphibian
and reptile
Conclusions (II)
• Currently, Invasion pet animals in Taiwan are
mainly originated from tropical Asia and
central/south America
• Potential regulation and management
suggestions
1. establish foster home program by retailers
2. Education display at public aquarium and museum,
pet shop, school,
3. Higher custom duty or selling tax
4. Risk assessment and management priority index (in progress)
• “Prayer animal release” are required to be
monitored and regulated
Thank You
This study is supported by
Forestry Bureau,
Council of Agriculture,
Executive Yen
Taiwan, ROC