Transcript PPT

Announcements
• Reading Assignments
– BSCI363: Chapters 4 and 5
– CONS670: Chapters 8 and 15
Tragedy of the Commons
The Value of Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Service
Gas Regulation
Climate Regulation
Value ( Billions)
1,341
684
Disturbance Regulation
1,779
Water Regulation
1,115
Water Supply
1,692
Erosion Control
576
Soil Formation
53
Nutrient Cycling
17,075
Waste Treatment
2,277
Pollination
117
Biological Control
417
Refugia
124
Food
Raw Materials
Genetic Resources
Recreation
1,386
721
79
815
Cultural
3,015
TOTAL
33,268
Costanza, R et al. 1997. The
value of the world's ecosystem
services and natural capital.
Nature 387:253-260.
Deforestation of the Seafloor
• The area of seabed trawled worldwide is ~ 150 times
greater than the area of forest clearcut each year (an
area twice the size of the lower 48 United States).
• Although some spots escape trawling by chance or
because they don't have fish, each square foot of the
world's continental shelves is trawled every ~ 2 years
Watling et al. 1998. Disturbance of the seabed by mobile fishing gear: a
comparison with forest clearcutting. Cons. Biol. 12. 1180-1197.
http://www.mcbi.org/btrawl/wnpaper.html
Marine Reserves
• Based on a review of more than 100 marine
reserves
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population densities were on average 91% higher
biomass was 192% higher
average organism size was 31% higher
species diversity was 23% higher
• Responses tended to be rapid (1-2 years after
protection) and persistent (> 40 years).
The Scientific Theory of Marine Reserves. AAAS Session:
Science and the Biosphere, 2001.
Marine Reserves
• Reserves may contribute to recruitment both
inside and outside of reserve boundaries
• Fisheries interests should benefit from this
spillover, recruitment enhancement, and
sustainable harvest.
The Scientific Theory of Marine Reserves. AAAS Session:
Science and the Biosphere, 2001.
Outline
• Ecosystem Ecology
– Biodiversity and ecosystem services
– Ecosystem services
– The economic value of ecosystem services
• Biodiversity Management
– Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography
– Modern Approaches
Habitat Fragmentation
Species Area Curves
S = CAZ
(log S) = Z (log A) + (log C)
From: Gotelli, N. J. 1995. A primer of ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc. 1-206 p.
Equilibrium Theory of
Biogeography
Species richness on islands or habitat
patches is a balance between
colonization and extinction
Mainland
pool of
spp., “P”
Colonization
Colonization Dynamics
Island
spp., “S”
# Island Species
P
C declines to 0 where # island species = P (no more colonists available)
Mainland
pool of
spp., “P”
Extinction
Extinction Dynamics
Island
spp., “S”
# Island Species
P
E is proportional to the total number of species. E reaches its maximum value at P
Turnover (i.e., E or C)
Turnover Dynamics and Island Spp. Richness
Extinction
T
S
# Island Species
Colonization
P
T = point where extinction rate = colonization rate.
T determines the species richness for an island (S).
Nonlinear E and C
E
T
S
# Island Species
C
P
Turnover (i.e., E or C)
Turnover (i.e., E or C)
Pattern and conclusions are identical
for linear and nonlinear E and C
E
T
S
C
# Island Species
P
Review: Metapopulation Models
• E decreases as patch size (area) increases.
• C increases as distance between patches
decreases.
P
SS
SL
Turnover (i.e., E or C)
Area Effect
ES
EL
Colonization
SS
SL
# Island Species
P
P
SN
SF
Turnover (i.e., E or C)
Distance Effect
CN
Extinction
CF
SF
SN
# Island Species
P
P
SNS
SFS
SNL
SFN
Turnover (i.e., E or C)
Number of Species on an Island
CN
ES
CF
EL
SFS SNS SNL
SFL
# Island Species
P
Application of Island
Biogeography
The good, the bad, and the ugly . . .
Distance and Species Richness
From: Gotelli, N. J. 1995. A primer of ecology.
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Assoc. 1-206 p.
Contributions of ETIB
• Metaphor of refuge as an island or
spaceship
• Interest in the fragility of the biota of
individual refuges and causes of this
fragility
• Rules of refuge design?
Hanski, I. A., and G. M.E., editors. 1996. Metapopulation biology: ecology,
genetics, and evolution. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. 512 p.
“Island Biogeographic” Reserve Rules:
IUCN, WWF
Good: Make reserve as large as possible
Bad: Scaling is species / process specific
Ugly: Abandon small reserves
?
Good: Potentially increase connectivity
Bad: Effectiveness remains unclear
Ugly: Increase synchrony of populations
?
Good: True for spp. w/ large range req.
Bad: False for spp. w/ small range req.
Ugly: Not based on ETIB
?
Good: True for “interior” spp.
Bad: False for “edge” spp.
Ugly: Not based on ETIB
Fundamental Problems w/ ETIB?
• Alternative explanations for species-area
relationship
– Sampling
– Habitat diversity
Species
• How do we define TURNOVER?
Area (Samples)
ETIB and Forest Reserves
Pimm, S. L. 1998. Ecology: The forest fragment classic. Nature 393:23-24.
ETIB and Forest Reserves
• Spp. lost in small fragments
– Top predators
– Primates
– Army ants and company
• What about frogs?
– Limited by breeding sites
– Peccaries
Reserve Rules vs. Reality
• Reserve design will be species specific.
• Reserve design will be site specific.
• The idea of “optimal” reserve design may
miss the point entirely.
– We are rarely faced with these alternatives.
• ETIB is considered by many to be a “false
start” in Conservation Biology
Application of ETIB
• Application of ETIB to reserve design has
been widely criticized
• “Faunal collapse” refers to the loss of
species following insularization.
– Broadly accepted
– Basis for many estimates of extinction rates
– Caveats
• Considerable error when used for prediction
Extinctions of large mammals in parks and reserves
Park Name
Area (km2) Age (yrs) # spp.
lost
% spp.
lost
Bryce Canyon
144
61
5
36
Lassen Volcanic
426
77
6
43
Mt. Ranier
976
85
7
32
Rocky Mtn.
1049
69
2
31
Yosemite
20083
94
4
25
83.5
1
4
84.5
0
0
Grand Teton10328
Yellowstone
Kootenay-Banff-Jasper 20736
Newmark, W. D. 1995. Extinction of mammal populations in western North American national parks. Conservation Biology 5: 67-78.
Application of ETIB
McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown. 1992. Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6: 409-415.
Application of ETIB
McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown. 1992. Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6: 409-415.
Application of ETIB
McDonald, K. A., and J. H. Brown. 1992. Using montane mammals to model extinctions due to global change. Conservation Biology 6: 409-415.
Community Ecology and Conservation:
Nested Communities
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