Transcript File

Biology
Biodiversity & Sampling
1. What is a species?
A Species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
The dogs below are different breeds, but are the same species because if they
were to interbreed, they would produce fertile offspring
2a) International Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the range of different types of species present in an Ecosystem
How many
different
species can you
name from this
diagram of
organisms from
around the
world?
Why is
Biodiversity
so important?
Think about…………….
Food
Medicines
New Medicines
Building Materials
Food sources
Habitats
What is Biodiversity? (03:17)
2b) Scottish Biodiversity?
How many
different
species can
you name
from this
diagram of
organisms
from around
SCOTLAND?
3a) What is a Biome?
A Biome is a geographical region of the planet that contains distinctive
communities of plants and animals and a distinctive climate.
Examples of 5 major types of Biomes are Forests, Deserts, Grassland,
Tundra, Freshwater and Marine
Tropical Rain Forest (03:00)
Temperate forests (02:45)
3b) What distinguishes a Biome?
• Flora is the name given to the
characteristic types of plants
found in the biome
• Fauna is the name given to the
characteristic types of animals
found in the biome
• Biomes are distinguished by
their flora, fauna and climate
• The distribution of biomes is
influenced by non-living
factors (abiotic factors) such as
temperature and rainfall
What types of Flora, Fauna & Climate would
you expect to find in the following Biomes:- Rain Forest
- Desert
- Marine
4. Ecosystems
What is an Ecosystem? (03:12)
A Tree Ecosystem
A Biome is made up of
connected Ecosystems
An Ecosystem is made up of
many habitats and all the
organisms and the non-living
factors in one particular area
A Habitat is the place where
an organism lives
A Community is 2 or more
different types of organisms
living together
A Population is all the
organisms of one type living
together
Habitat:
Branches
& Leaves
Community: Bees,
Moths,
Squirrels,
Bluetits
Hawks
Population: Squirrels
Habitat:
Trunk
Community: Spiders
Ants
Population: Spiders
Habitat:
Root &
Litter Zone
Community: Woodlice
& Worms
Population: Woodlice
5a) Biotic Factors & Biodiversity
• A Biotic factor is a living factor which affects
population numbers
e.g. food, predation, grazing, competition
Biotic Factors in an ecosystem (03:05)
• Biotic factors can affect Biodiversity
e.g. If food increases, Biodiversity may
increase
e.g. If predators increase,
Biodiversity may decrease
5b) Competition
Sunflowers competing for:-
•
Competition occurs when organisms require
the same resources e.g. food, space, mates
•
Plants compete for: light, water, space and soil
nutrients
Light, Water, Root Space, Soil Nutrients
•
Animals: compete for food, water, space and
mates
Rabbits competing for:-
•
Competition for resources between the same
species is called Intra-specific Competition
•
Competition for resources between two
different species is called Inter-specific
Competition
•
Intra-specific Competition is more intense than
Inter-specific Competition because the
organisms require EXACTLY the same resources
•
Intense competition can result in organisms
being forced to leave the ecosystem, or can
lead to the death of the organisms
Food, Mates, Space
Intraspecific
Competition
Interspecific
Competition
5c) Predation
• Predation is when one organism
eats another
• High Levels of Predation decrease
Biodiversity as more organisms
are eaten
• Moderate Levels of Predation
maintain Biodiversity as it keeps
more dominant organisms in
check
• Low Levels of Predation decrease
Biodiversity because more
dominant organisms survive
5d). Parasitism
•
•
•
•
Parasitism is when one organism (a parasite) feeds from
another organism (the host) and causes it harm, but rarely
kills it
Parasites are organisms that live on or in a host organism.
The parasite benefits from this arrangement, but the host
suffers as a result.
Parasites do not usually kill the host because this would cut
off their food supply
Examples of Parasites include:• Headlice
(they bite other animals in order to feed off their blood)
•
Mistletoe
(the roots of mistletoe grow into the host tree to absorb nutrients and
minerals)
•
Fleas
(they live on the skin of other animals and suck their blood)
•
Tapeworms
(live inside another animal, attaching itself to the host’s gut and absorbing its
food. The host loses nutrition, and may develop weight loss, diarrhoea and
vomiting)
5e). Grazing
• Grazing is when animals feed
on parts of plants
• High Intensity Grazing (Over
Grazing) decreases Biodiversity
because more plant species are
eaten
• Moderate Grazing maintains
Biodiversity because it allows
the less dominant plants to
survive
• Low Intensity Grazing (Under
Grazing) decreases Biodiversity
because it allows better
competitors to succeed
6a) Abiotic Factors & Biodiversity
An abiotic factor is a
non-living factor which
affects populations
Abiotic Factors in Ecosystem (03:00)
Examples of Abiotic
Factors are:Light Intensity
Temperature
pH
Carbon Dioxide levels
Oxygen levels
Why does Light Intensity affects the
number of daisies growing in a field?
Why does Temperature affect the
number of daisies growing in a field?
Why does Carbon Dioxide levels affect
the number of daisies growing in a
field?
6b) Abiotic Factors & Biodiversity
ACID RAIN
• pH of habitats are affected by Acid Rain
• Acid Rain is formed when sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen dioxide are released when fossil fuels
are burned
• Acid rain indirectly decreases Plant Biodiversity
as the acid destroys leaves so the plants can’t
photosynthesise properly
• Acid rain decreases Fish Biodiversity as it lowers
the pH of freshwater which leads to fish deaths
GLOBAL WARMING
• The temperature of habitats is affected by Global
Warming
• Global Warming is caused when fossil fuels are
burned and Carbon dioxide, Nitrous Oxide and
Water Vapour are released and form a blanket
around the Earth’s atmosphere. These gases trap
heat and cause global warming.
• An increase in temperature decreases
Biodiversity as enzyme-controlled reactions do
not work properly
7. Human Influences & Biodiversity
•
Exploitation is when something is used in order to gain a benefit
e.g. humans have used trees to make paper
•
The increase in the human population has led to overexploitation – taking too much from the environment
•
Over-exploitation has led to a decrease in Biodiversity
•
Examples of over-exploitation include:Over-hunting
Over-fishing
Over-grazing
Habitat destruction (e.g. desertification, deforestation)
Introducing Foreign Species
Pollution
•
Air, Land, Freshwater and Seawater can become polluted and
Biodiversity decreases
•
Organisms whose presence or absence gives information about
the levels of pollution are called Indicator Species e.g. Lichens
are sensitive to Sulphur Dioxide
Usnea cornuta
Good quality air
Mayfly Nymph
(Clean water)
Hypogymnia physodes
Poor quality air
Rat Tailed Maggot
(Polluted water)
8. Natural Disasters & Biodiversity
The following Natural
Disasters can decrease
Biodiversity
Forest fires
Earthquakes
Volcanic Activity
Tsunamis
Wind
9a) Sampling Techniques
• It’s impossible for scientists
to count all the animals and
plants in an Ecosystem as it
would take too long and the
habitat may get damaged, so
instead sampling must be
used
• Several samples must be
taken to ensure a reliable
representation of the area
• As the sample area size
increases, the number of
samples needed must be
increased
Daisies in a field
• Field Size = 12mX12m
• Quadrat size = 1mX1m
• Total number of daises in 10
quadrats = 80
Predict how many daisies are in
the whole field?
9b) Quadrats
• A quadrat is a sampling technique used to
measure the population numbers of plants
and relatively static organisms e.g. daisies,
lichens, seaweeds, dog whelks
• Quadrats should be thrown several times
randomly to increase reliability
• Errors when using a quadrat include:wrongly identified organisms
quadrats not thrown randomly
quadrats not thrown enough times
• To decrease errors when using a quadrat
you should:use a key to identify organisms
throw quadrat randomly
take more samples
9c) Pitfall Traps
• A pitfall trap is a sampling technique used to
measure the population number of organisms e.g.
woodlice, beetles,
• Errors when using a pitfall trap include:Trap not being level with soil surface
Animals escaping from trap
Animals being eaten in the trap
Animals dying
• To decrease errors when using a pitfall trap you
should:Hole is deep enough so pot is level with soil
surface
Have a lid on top to prevent escaping
Empty trap frequently to prevent organisms
eating each other,
Ensure needle holes are in pot to prevent
organisms dying due to lack of oxygen
9d) Pooters
• A pooter is a sampling technique used to
measure the population number of insects
found in tree bark e.g. spiders
• Errors when using a pooter include:Gauze not on mouthpiece so scientist
sucks in spider!
Animals being eaten in the pooter
Animals dying
• To decrease errors when using a pooter you
should:Ensure a gauze at end of mouth piece
Empty pooter frequently to prevent
organisms eating each other
Ensure needle holes are in pooter to
prevent organisms dying due to lack of
oxygen
9e) Kick Sampling
• Kick Nets is a sampling technique used to
measure the population number of
organisms found in a river e.g. Mayfly
Larvae
• Errors when using a Kick Net include:Not kicking the floor of the river
Not pointing the kick net in correct
direction
Not having sampling bottles ready
• To decrease errors when using the Kick Net
you should:Kick the gravel on the floor of the river
Point the Kick Net upstream
Have sampling bottles ready
10a) Biological Keys
Organisms can be identified
using Biological Keys
There are 2 types of Keys
Branching keys
Paired statement keys
10b) Branching Keys
A
C
B
D
E
G
F
Start
Legs
More than
6 legs
6 legs
Wings with
covers
BEETLE
No Legs
No wings
or covers
8 legs
More than
8 legs
ANT
MITE
MILLIPEDE
Practice Keys Booklet
Shell
SNAIL
No shell
Segmented
body
Body not
segmented
EARTHWORM
SLUG
10c) Paired Statement Key
1. Single leaf
Several leaflets
2. Leaf with prickles
go to 6
3. Leaf edge with lobes
go to 4
Lobes rounded
5. Leaf with near smooth edge
Leaf with serrated edge
6. Leaflets in fan shape
SYCAMORE
E
OAK
BEECH
F
ELM
HORSE CHESTNUT
go to 7
7. Leaf edge serrated
ROWAN
Practice Keys Booklet
D
go to 5
Leaflets in pairs
Leaf edge near plain
C
HOLLY
go to 3
4. Lobes sharp pointed
B
go to 2
Leaf with no prickles
Leaf edge with no lobes
A
ASH
G
H
11. Sampling Abiotic Factors
An abiotic factor is a non-living factor that affects the growth and
distribution of organisms in a habitat
Examples of abiotic factors are light intensity, temperature, pH, and
soil moisture
Light meters measure light intensity
• An error when using a light meter may be the scientist is shading
the light sensor
Soil thermometers is used to measure temperature
• An error when using the soil thermometer may be the scientists
not putting the thermometer deeply enough into the soil
A pH meter is used to measure the pH of the soil
A moisture meter is used to measure the moisture of the soil
• An error when using moisture/pH meters is that the scientist
may have left soil/moisture on the probe from the previous
sample
• The probe should be wiped between samples
Challenge Activities
* Keys Booklet
* Apprentice Task
* Field Trip Booklet
The Apprentice
London
United Kingdom
SW1P 1AE
Dear Young Apprentice,
Please find below the information regarding your task;

The Task
The main objective is to promote/advertise your BIOME to tourists. Your team have to prepare a
Powerpoint or Poster Presentation. You must include information on the following;
1.
The climate
2.
The animals they would expect to see.
3.
The plants they would expect to see.
4.
The different habitats they would encounter.
5.
The effects and challenges faced by the island due to an increase in human population.

The Boardroom
You will present your findings to the class.
Yours sincerely
Lord Alan Sugar
Lord Alan Sugar