Transcript Chapter5
CHARACTERISTICS OF INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES INVASIVENESS AND INVASIBILITY: • High invasiveness of species means that they are more likely to invade certain habitats (to be invasive rather than non-invasive). • Which species are most likely to become invasive? • Which traits enable a species to invade a new habitat, and establish themselves successfully? • Knowing this would allow one in principle to isolate species for restrictions on introduction or for early eradication. INVASIVENESS AND INVASIBILITY traits that best explain variation among species in invasiveness (Dukes and Mooney, 1999) 1. broad native range 2.rapid dispersal 3. greater phenotypic plasticity rapid dispersal is facilitated byresponses the following traits: this implies flexible/adaptable to the following short generation time toenvironmental longvariables: fruiting period difficult identify traits because different traits favour invasiveness in different habitats disturbance nutrient availability herbivory/grazing small seed size large number of seeds prolonged seed viability water light transport by wind or animals INVASIVENESS AND INVASIBILITY in 1974, Herbert Baker identified what he thought were the attributes for an ideal weed: a plastic perennial germinates in a wide range of physical conditions grows quickly flowers early is self-compatible produces many seeds which disperse widely reproduces vegetatively is a good competitor This approach is useful as a checklist of potential warning signs, but is too broad to have much predictive value (Lake and Leishman, 2004). THE UNLIKE INVADER HYPOTHESIS This hypothesis dates back to Darwin (1859). • It suggests that being unlike native species confers invasiveness. There is no evidence or theory to support this, with only a possibility that perhaps the native and invader, being different, have different resource needs and enemies i.e. they don’t compete with or attack one another, and its merely the physical environment with available resources that determines their success, rather than the presence of each other. • In practice, the best predictor of invasiveness is whether or not the species has proven to be invasive elsewhere, especially under similar conditions (Reichard and Hamilton, 1997). http://www.esa.int/export/ esaSC/SEMVBNYO4HD_ index_1.html • INVASIBILITY OF HABITATS (Alpert et al, 2000) • High invasibility of habitats means that they are more susceptible to invasion by invasive alien species. Low invasibility would make them more resistant to invasion. • Which habitats are most susceptible to invasion? • What determines the susceptibility of a community or habitat to the establishment and spread of new species? • Knowing this might allow one to manage habitats with the emphasis on preventing the spread or establishment of invasive species. INVASIBILITY OF HABITATS cont. (Alpert et al, 2000) • Types of habitats that are relatively invasible include islands and riverbanks. • The combination of altered disturbance regimes with high resource availability may particularly promote invasibility (i.e. disturbed habitats are more prone to invasions). http://www.traveljournals.net/pictures/3964.html http://www.caycesc.net/city%20parks.aspx INVASIBILITY OF HABITATS cont. Why are islands more susceptible to invasion than mainlands? • Low spp. richness (aliens less likely to encounter close competitors). • Island biotas have evolved in isolation (no indigenous predators & limited adaptability of indigenous spp.). • Small size means that effects of human-induced disturbances are concentrated. • Many islands are at the meeting point or crossroads of inter-continental trade, so have been exposed to a large number of new species in a short time. BIOTIC RESISTANCE HYPOTHESIS • Species-poor and temperate environments are easy to invade and therefore possess the greatest numbers of invasions. This is probably because of a lack of native predators, more space and available resources, therefore less competition. • Habitats that tend to have relatively few alien species include dense or mature forests, arid but not necessarily semi-arid habitats, salt marshes, high montane habitats and larger fragments of fragmented habitats (Alpert et al 2000). http://deserts.free.fr/ http://www.ewpnet.com/mkclimb.htm INVASIBILITY OF HABITATS cont. five factors are thought to account for differences in invasibility between habitats: evolutionary history disturbance community structure stress propagule pressure • Propagule pressure has emerged as the most important factor for predicting whether or not a non-indigenous species will become established (Kolar & Lodge, 2001). • Propagule pressure includes both the number of individuals introduced and the number of release events. Chapter 1 Definitions Chapter 2 History, globalisation and GMOs Chapter 3 The human dimension Chapter 4 Pathways of introduction Chapter 5 Characteristics of invasive alien species Next Chapter 6 The ecology of biological invasions Chapter 7 Impacts of invasive alien species Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 I hope that you found chapter 5 informative and that you will enjoy chapter six!