Transcript Figure 9-2 Page 164 Slide 3 Slide 3 Slide 3 Slide 3 Slide 3 Slide 3

(a) Southern sea otter
(b) Sea Urchin
(c) Kelp bed
Figure 9-1
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Slide 1
(a) Clumped (elephants)
(b) Uniform (creosote bush)
(c) Random (dandelions)
Figure 9-2
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Slide 2
POPULATION SIZE
Growth factors
(biotic potential)
Abiotic
Favorable light
Favorable temperature
Favorable chemical environment
(optimal level of critical nutrients)
Biotic
High reproductive rate
Generalized niche
Adequate food supply
Suitable habitat
Ability to compete for resources
Ability to hide from or defend
against predators
Ability to resist diseases and parasites
Ability to migrate and live in other
habitats
Ability to adapt to environmental
change
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Decrease factors
(environmental resistance)
Abiotic
Too much or too little light
Temperature too high or too low
Unfavorable chemical environment
(too much or too little of critical
nutrients)
Biotic
Low reproductive rate
Specialized niche
Inadequate food supply
Unsuitable or destroyed habitat
Too many competitors
Insufficient ability to hide from or defend
against predators
Inability to resist diseases and parasites
Inability to migrate and live in other
habitats
Inability to adapt to environmental
change
Figure 9-3
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Slide 3
Environmental
resistance
Population size (N)
Carrying capacity (K)
Biotic
potential
Exponential
growth
Time (t)
Figure 9-4
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2.0
Overshoot
Number of sheep (millions)
Carrying capacity
1.5
1.0
.5
1800
1825
1850
1875
Year
1900
1925
Figure 9-5
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Population
overshoots
carrying
capacity
Number of reindeer
2,000
Population
crashes
1,500
1,000
500
Carrying
capacity
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
Figure 9-6
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Year
Slide 6
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
(d) Irregular
Number of individuals
(a) Stable
(c) Cyclic
(b) Irruptive
Time
Figure 9-7
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Population size (thousands)
160
Hare
140
Lynx
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1845
1855
1865
1875
1885
1895
1905
1915
1925
1935
Year
Figure 9-8
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Carrying capacity
K
Number of individuals
K species;
experience
K selection
r species;
experience
r selection
Time
Figure 9-9
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r-Selected Species
Dandelion
Cockroach
Many small offspring
Little or no parental care and protection of offspring
Early reproductive age
Most offspring die before reaching reproductive age
Small adults
Adapted to unstable climate and environmental
conditions
High population growth rate (r)
Population size fluctuates wildly above and below
carrying capacity (K)
Generalist niche
Low ability to compete
Early successional species
Figure 9-10a
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K-Selected Species
Saguaro
Elephant
Fewer, larger offspring
High parental care and protection of offspring
Later reproductive age
Most offspring survive to reproductive age
Larger adults
Adapted to stable climate and environmental conditions
Lower population growth rate (r)
Population size fairly stable and usually close to
carrying capacity (K)
Specialist niche
High ability to compete
Late successional species
Figure 9-10b
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Late loss
Percentage surviving (log scale)
100
10
1
0
Early loss
Age
Figure 9-11
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Property
Natural Systems
Human-Dominated
Systems
Complexity
Biologically diverse
Biologically
simplified
Energy source
Renewable solar
energy
Mostly nonrenewable
fossil fuel energy
Waste production
Little, if any
High
Nutrients
Recycled
Often lost of wasted
Net primary
productivity
Shared among many Used, destroyed, or
species
degraded to support
human activities
Figure 9-13
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PRINCIPLES
OF
SUSTAINABILITY
Figure 9-14
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Solutions
Principles of Sustainability
How Nature Works
Lessons for Us
Runs on renewable solar
energy.
Rely mostly on renewable solar
energy.
Recycles nutrients and wastes.
There is little waste in nature.
Prevent and reduce pollution and
recycle and reuse resources.
Uses biodiversity to maintain
itself and adapt to new
environmental conditions.
Preserve biodiversity by protecting
ecosystem services and preventing
premature extinction
of species.
Controls a species population
size and resource use by
interactions with its
environment and other species.
Reduce births and wasteful resource
use to prevent environmental
overload and depletion and
degradation of resources.
Figure 9-15
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Slide 15
Capture-recapture method interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 16
Capture-recapture method interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 17