Transcript Organism

Ecology
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Lesson Objectives Bio 2.1 and Bio 2.2
Bio 2.1.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 2.1.4, 2.2.1, and 2.2.2
• Bio 2.1 Interdependence of living organisms
within their environments
• Bio 2.1.1 Flow of energy
• Bio 2.1.2 Survival and Reproductive success
of organisms
• Bio 2.1.3 Symbiotic Relationships
• Bio 2.1.4 Stability of ecosystems
• Bio 2.2.1 Human activities and Impact
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• Bio 2.2.2 Sustainable Practices
What is Ecology???
• study of how living things
interact with each other and the
environment
• Science of relationships
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Organisms, Habitat & Niche
• Organisms are
individual living things;
organisms need energy
and matter from the
environment
• Habitat is the place a
plant or animal lives
• Niche is the role an
organism plays in the
environment
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Habitat
One habitat might contain
hundreds or even
thousands of species. A
rotting log in a forest can
be home to many species
of insects, including
termites that eat decaying
wood and ants that feed
on the termites. Other
species that live on and
under rotting log include
millipedes, centipedes
spiders, and worms. 5
Niche
You might think that
competition for
resources would make it
impossible for so many
species to live in the
same habitat. However,
each species has
different requirements for
its survival. As a result,
each species has its own
niche. An organism’s
niche is its role in its
environment – how it
obtains food and shelter,
finds a mate, cares for its
young, and avoids
danger.
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Biotic Factors:
• All the LIVING aspects of an
environment.
• All organisms depend on others
directly or indirectly for food,
shelter, reproduction, or
protection.
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Abiotic
Factors:
• the NONLIVING parts of an
organism’s environment.
• Examples: air currents,
temperature, moisture,
light, and soil
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Abiotic
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Abiotic or Biotic?
Biotic
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Levels of
Organization
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What are the Simplest Levels?
• Atom
• Molecule
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism
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Levels of Organization
• Ecologists have organized the
interactions an organism takes
part in into different levels
according to complexity.
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Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of Organization
Section 3-1
“Organism”
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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
1st Level of Organization
• Organism:
An individual
living thing that
is made of cells,
uses energy,
reproduces,
responds, grows,
and develops
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nd
2
Level of Organization
• Population:
A group of
organisms, all of the
same species, which
interbreed and live
in the same place at
the same time
• Produce fertile
offspring
• Compete with each
other for resources
(food, mates,
shelter, etc.)
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3rd Level of Organization
• Biological
Community:
All the
populations of
different
species that
live in the same
place at the
same time.
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4th Level of Organization
• Ecosystem:
Populations of ALL
biotic and abiotic
things that interact
with each other in a
given area.
• Terrestrial=Land
• Aquatic=Water
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5th Level of Organization
• Biome:
group of
Ecosystems
that have the
same climate
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6th Level of Organization
• Biosphere:
The
portion of
Earth that
supports
LIFE!!
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What level of organization?
Organism
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What level of Organization?
Population
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What level of Organization?
Community
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Ecology Recap
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlnFylw
dYH4
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Energy Flow
in an
Ecosystem
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Energy Flow
• Energy in an ecosystem originally
comes from the sun
• Energy flows through Ecosystems
from producer to consumers
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PRODUCER
Organisms that can
make glucose during
photosynthesis
aka: AUTOTROPHS
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Photoautotroph
Producers CAPTURE Energy from the
sun by:
– Photosynthesis
• Adds Oxygen to the atmosphere
• Removes Carbon Dioxide from
the Atmosphere
Algae
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PRODUCER
CONSUMER
The energy that is NOT used
by PRODUCERS can be
PASSED on to organisms that
cannot make their own energy
known as the CONSUMER
AKA: Heterotroph
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CONSUMERS that EAT
PRODUCERS to get ENERGY
are called:
• Primary Consumers
st
(aka: 1 Order Consumers)
EX: Herbivores
(plant-eaters)
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Consumers
Heterotrophs eat
other organisms
to obtain
energy.
1) Herbivores
– Eat ONLY
Plants
2) Carnivores
– Eat ONLY
Other
Animals
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Consumers
3) Omnivores (Humans)
– Eat Plants & Animals
4) Detritivores
(Scavengers)
– Feed On Dead Plant
& Animal Remains
(EX: buzzards)
5) Decomposers
– Fungi & Bacteria
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A CONSUMER that EATS
another CONSUMER for ENERGY
are called:
• Secondary Consumers
(aka: 2nd Order Consumer)
May be a:
-carnivore
-omnivore
-predator
-scavenger
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A CONSUMER that EATS a
CONSUMER that ALREADY ate
a CONSUMER for ENERGY are
called:
• Tertiary Consumer
(aka: 3rd Order Consumer)
May be a:
-carnivore
-omnivore
-predator
-scavenger
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Feeding Relationships
ENERGY flows through
an ecosystem in ONE
DIRECTION from
PRODUCERS to various
levels of CONSUMERS
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Feeding Relationships
• Food Chain
– SIMPLE path of transfer of
ENERGY (organisms are less
likely to survive)
• Food Web
– COMPLEX path of transfer of
ENERGY that is made up of
many food chains (organism more
likely to survive)
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4th Order
Consumer
Producer
(trapped
sunlight &
stored
food)
1st order
Consumer
2nd Order
Consumer
3rd
Order
consumer
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Name the Producer & Consumers in this food
chain:
Main source of ENERGY
Producer
Tertiary
Consumer
Primary
Consumer
Secondary
Consumer
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Name the Producer, Consumers &
Decomposers in this food chain:
Producer
Mushroom:
Decomposer
RAT:1st
order
Consumer
CAT:2nd
Order
Consumer
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Food Web
Secondary & Tertiary consumers –
Carnivores & Omnivores
Primary consumers - Herbivores
Producers
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Identify the Producers, Consumers, &
Decomposers:
Count the
Food
Chains!
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Trophic Levels
Each Level In A Food Chain or Food Web is a
Trophic Level
• Producers
Always the FIRST Trophic Level
– How Energy Enters The System
• Herbivores
SECOND Trophic Level
• Carnivores/Omnivores
– Make Up The Remaining Trophic Levels
Each level depends on the one below it
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for energy.
Food Chains Show Available
Energy
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Ecological Pyramids
Graphic Representations Of The
Relative Amounts of Energy or
Matter At Each Trophic Level
May be:
Energy Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
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Energy Pyramids Show
• Amount of available
energy decreases for
higher consumers
• Amount of available
energy decreases down
the food chain
• It takes a large number
of producers to support
a small number of
primary consumers
• It takes a large number
of primary consumers to
support a small number
of secondary consumers
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Energy Pyramid
Energy Pyramid
Shows the relative amount of energy available at
each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of
this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat.
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Biomass Pyramid
Biomass Pyramid
Represents the amount of
living organic matter at each
trophic level. Typically, the
greatest biomass is at the
base of the pyramid.
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Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid of Numbers
Shows the relative
number of individual
organisms at each
trophic level.
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Ecology
“Symbiotic
Relationships”
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Symbiosis
Not all
relationships
among organisms
involve food.
Many organisms
live together and
share resources in
other ways. Any
close relationship
between species is
called symbiosis.
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Competition
Competition – A symbiotic
relationship in which both
species are harmed.
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Competition
EX: Flowering Plants
The two
flowering
plants are
competing
for the
same space
BOTH
of them are
HARMED
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Competition
EX: Kudzu
Uses the same
space and
resources at the
same time!!
It “out competes”
other native plants
so they don’t
have
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Mutualism
Mutualism – A symbiotic
relationship in which both
species benefit.
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Mutualism
EX: Cowbirds and Large Animals
The cowbird benefits by
eating the ticks and mites off
the large animal. The large
animal benefits from having
the parasites removed from
them. The birds can also warn
them of danger.
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Mutualism
EX: Bees and Pollen
Bees receive nectar
from the flowers in
order to make honey.
As the bees collect
nectar, they collect
pollen on their body.
As they fly to another
flower, they pollinate
it by dusting the
pollen on the flowers
stamen.
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Mutualism
EX: Cleaner Shrimp
These shrimp set up
large cleaning stations
on the reef where fish
will come to have
parasites picked from
their skin. The shrimp
gets a constant food
source and the fish
(eel in this case) gets
rid of potentially
dangerous parasites
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Mutualism
EX: Nitrogen fixing Nodules
Bacteria in the
nodules can take
nitrogen gas from
the atmosphere
and turn it into a
form that can be
used by the plant;
in return, the plant
protects the
bacteria from
harmful oxygen
and
the bacteria get
food from the
plant.
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Mutualism
EX: Ant and Aphid
Ants protect
the aphids
while they eat
on the plants.
The aphids
provide the
ants with
honeydew that
they secrete.
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Commensalism
Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship
in which one organism benefits and the
other is not affected.
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Commensalism
EX: Clown Fish and Sea
Anemones
The clown fish is immune to the
stings of the sea anemones
tentacles. The clown fish makes its
home in the tentacles for protection.
The clown fish gets shelter, but the
sea anemone gets nothing.
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Commensalism
EX: Shark and Remora
The remora hangs
around the shark
picking up any
scraps it may
leave. The remora
gets food while
the shark gets
nothing.
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Parasitism
Parasitism – A symbiotic
relationship in which one
organism benefits but the other is
harmed.
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Parasitism
EX: Tapeworms and Humans
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Parasitism
EX: Ticks
Parasites rarely kill their
hosts because to do so
would ultimately harm
the parasite!
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Parasitism
EX: Ticks
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Parasitism
EX: Cowbirds
Cowbird females lay
their eggs (one per nest)
in the nests of other
species. The hatchling
cowbird is big and gets
MOST of the food. This
is because the foster
birds tend to feed the
largest mouth. The
Cowbird benefits and
the other species is
HARMED.
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Predation
Predation – A symbiotic
relationship in which one
organism benefits but the other is
killed.
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Predator and Prey
An organism’s niche
includes how it avoids
being eaten and how it
finds or captures its
food. Predators are
consumers that
capture and eat other
consumers. The prey
is the organism that is
captured by the
predator.
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Predator and Prey
The deer is
being eaten by
the python. It
is prey.
The python has
captured and is
eating the deer.
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Predator and Prey
Predator
Prey
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Predation
Predator: Spider Prey: Insect
Predator: Snake Prey: Mouse
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Predator/Prey Relationship
The presence of
predators usually
increases the number
of different species that
can live in an
ecosystem. Predators
limit the size of prey
populations. As a
result, food and other
resources are less
likely to become scarce,
and competition
between species is
reduced.
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Benefits Harmed
Competition
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Predation
Killed Not
Affected
XX
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Cycles of
Matter
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Section 3-3
The Carbon Cycle
CO2 in
Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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4 main CARBON reservoirs
in BIOSPHERE
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in
Ocean
atmosphere as CO2 gas
1.In the____________
ocean as dissolved CO2 gas
2.In the _______
3.On the _______
land in organisms, rocks & soil
4.__________
Underground as coal & petroleum (fossil
fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks 81
Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from?
CO2 in
atmosphere
CO2 in
Ocean
Volcanic activity
1.________________
Human activity (burning fossil fuels)
2.______________________________
3._________________
Cellular respiration
Decomposition of dead organisms from82
4.____________
the oceans
BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
Water Cycle
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WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT?
SOLVENT
1)Water is a good _________________
2)Many molecules dissolve in water so it
provides a place for chemical reactions
to happen
3)Water doesn’t change temperature
easily so it helps with
HOMEOSTASIS
__________________
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Nitrogen Cycle
Section 3-3
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3and NO2-
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BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006
WHY IS NITROGEN
IMPORTANT?
1) NITROGEN BASES make DNA and RNA
2) Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ATP
3) Makes AMINO part of amino acids (proteins)
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
Image by Riedell
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Bacteria that live in the soil
and in symbiotic relationships with
plants called legumes, take
NITROGEN from the atmosphere and
turn it into Ammonia (NH3), a form
that is USEABLE by plants.
THIS PROCESS
IS CALLED
NITROGEN FIXATION
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http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif
Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Producers absorb
phosphate from
soil and water
Phosphate moves
through food web
Phosphate returns to
soil and water from
waste or decomposition
Weathering wears
away rocks and
sediments and
releases phosphate
into soil and water
Sediments form “new land”
to complete cycle
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WHY IS PHOSPHORUS
IMPORTANT?
1) Makes DNA and RNA
2) Transfers energy as ATP
3) Makes phospholipids for cell membranes
Image by Riedell
http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm
Image by Riedell
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