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Exotic Species
Recreation - Brown Trout
Ring-necked Pheasant
Chukar
Red Deer – New Zealand
Whimsy or Aesthetics –
European Starling
House Sparrow
Exotic plants in New Zealand
• Native flora of 2065
species
• 24,774 documented
introduced alien species
• About 2200 exotics
have become
established (naturalized)
Multiflora Rose
Tree of Heaven - Ailanthus
Light blue – counties where
Ailanthus is present
Scotch Broom
Walking Catfish
Cherry Headed Conures
in San Francisco
Monk Parrots – Chicago, Harold
Washington Park and Hyde Park
Science - Gypsy Moth
Africanized Honey Bees
Movement of Africanized Honey Bees
Movement of Africanized Honey Bees
Inn-Siang Ooi – Knox Alum
• http://strangebehaviors.wordpress.com/2011
/01/14/the-wall-of-the-dead/
Biocontrol
Klamath Weed – aka – St. John’s Wort
Chrysolina beetle
Prickly Pear Hedge - Tunisia
Prickly pear in Australia – before control
Cactoblastis cactorum
Prickly pear – same location after control
Red Fox - Australia
With native Bobuck possum
Red fox - Australia
Impact of Exotic Species
Predators and Grazers –
Stephen Island, New Zealand
Stephen Island Wren
Brown Tree Snake
Many Brown Tree Snakes
Brown Tree Snake on Guam and Beyond
Decline in cichlid species due to
Nile Perch in Lake Victoria
California Channel Islands
Sheep grazing – Channel Islands
Channel Island Coreopsis
Emerald Ash Borer
Parasites and Pathogens
16th Century Drawings of Native
Americans with Smallpox
Chestnut blight canker and fungus
Spread of Chestnut Blight
Dutch Elm Disease –
The Way to Knox
Dutch Elm Disease –
The Way to Knox
Elm Bark Beetle
Elm Bark Beetle Galleries
Parasites and Pathogens
Avian Malaria and Hawaiian Native
Birds like Scarlet Honeycreeper
Avian malaria occurs in areas below
white line on Island of Hawaii
Avian Malaria and Abundance of
Native Birds
Gray line – mosquito abundance; solid black line – prevalence
of avian malaria; dashed line – native bird adundance
Competitors –
Purple Loosestrife
Purple Loosestrife
Purple Loosestrife Distribution
Control of Purple Loosestrife
Expansion of Water Hyacinth
from Native Brazil
Water Hyacinth in India
Kudzu flower
Kudzu vines
Kudzu Car
Kudzu Distribution
European Starling and Eastern Bluebird
Starling and Bluebird
Competition
Honeybee – Apis melliflora and native
Bumble-bee - Bombus vosnesenskii
Honey Bee – Colony Collapse
Colony Collapse Disorder - Trends
Hybridization –
Cordgrass – Spartina alterniflora
Spartina Hybridization
A = Spartina alterniflora
B = S. maritima
C = S. x townsendii
D = S. anglica
Invasive Spartina anglica in San
Francisco Bay
Ecosystem Effects - Blue Gum
Oak savanna to Eucalyptus forest
Charles Elton - 1927
Where do we find successful
exotics? From Elton
1. Disturbed habitats are especially
susceptible to invasion by exotics
2. Islands are also vulnerable to invasions
3. So-called weedy species are especially
successful – general habitat requirements,
withstand human disturbance, large
numbers of offspring, good dispersal
abilities
Minimum Viable Population
• The smallest population for a species which
can be expected to survive for a long time
• Many factors effect MVP – the study of
those factors is often called Population
Viability Analysis – or Population
Vulnerability Analysis – or PVA
English Skylark
Metapopulations
Metapopulation
• A series of small, separate populations
united together by dispersal
• Thus even if all members of one population
go extinct, other populations survive and
dispersal from survivor populations can
recolonize the area – a rescue effect
Metapopulation Dynamics
Bay Checkerspot Butterfly
Population
dynamics
of Bay
Checkerspot
Butterfly
Bay Checkerspot
Jasper Ridge
Species persistence in
metapopulations
Varies with factors effecting extinction and
colonization such as:
• Distances between patches
• Species dispersal ability
• Number of patches
Types of Metapopulations
Possible mountain (desert
bighorn) sheep dispersal
routes
Dispersal corridors predicted by the
best-fitting dispersal model (15/0̣10)
and the HM population model,
depicted with hill-shade topography.
Black lines indicate least-costly
corridor routes for corridors with,
yellow lines indicate least-costly
corridor routes that (a) were severed by
anthropogenic barriers; or (b) were reestablished by translocated
populations. Corridors are presented
based on (a) all extant populations
within the study area, with and without
current anthropogenic barriers
considered; and (b) extant populations
with and without those successfully
reestablished by translocation, with
current anthropogenic barriers
considered. Epps et al. 2007
Furbish’s Lousewort