Transcript Goal 1.01-1.03 Sci Inquiry

GOAL 1.01 – 1.05: SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
 Defining the scope of biology
 Levels of Organization
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
www3.gov.ab.ca
www.energy.alberta.ca
www.env.gov.bc.ca
www.moose-call.com
www.freewebs.com
fairmanstudios.com
www.gwc.maricopa.edu
www.nikonsmallworld.com
www.holistictouchtherapy.com
 Two main approaches to learning about nature
Discovery Science = gather data by verifiable observations
& measurements
Ex. Baby bats cling to their mother in flight.
Ex. Sequence of DNA (an observation)
Hypothesis-Driven Science = conclusions drawn from
observations taken during “discovery science” lead to
more questions.
Ex. Why do baby bats cling to their mother in flight?
Ex. What is the function of the DNA sequence?
www.sciencedaily.com
 Hypothesis = tentative or educated guess to a problem that is
being asked.
Ex. Bats are observed following the route of a river when
flying from their camp to the feeding site.
Prior knowledge: Bats have excellent night vision.
Hypothesis: The bats are using the river as a visual aid to
navigation.
media-cdn.tripadvisor.com
Forming Hypotheses (Practice):
Observation: Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide in the air
increase between 8-10 a.m. and again between 4-6 p.m.
Knowledge: Cars emit Carbon Monoxide. The carbon in these
emissions combines with oxygen in the air to create carbon
dioxide.
Hypothesis: Carbon Dioxide increases with the increase in traffic
patterns during a normal work day.
blog.arendsen.net
The Scientific Method
= steps followed to pose and test hypotheses.
Six Steps of the Scientific Method:
1. Observation – from others or results of earlier tests
2. Questions – about unclear aspects of the observations
3. Hypotheses – tentative explanations of the phenomenon phrased
in such a way as to be testable
4. Predictions – logical, testable outcomes of the hypotheses
developed by the use of deductive reasoning (if-then).
5. Tests – to determine if the predictions are supported or falsified.
(works not by proving but by disproving)
6. Results – used as evidence to support or falsify the hypothesis.
Manipulated Variable = variable that you do
something to.
Responding Variable = what you measure
Control = a group within your experiment
that receives no changes
Qualitative Study = uses descriptions
Deals with descriptions.
Data can be observed but not measured.
Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc.
Qualitative → Quality
Quantitative Study = uses numbers
Deals with numbers.
Data which can be measured.
Length, height, area, volume, weight, speed, time, temperature, humidity,
sound levels, cost, members, ages, etc.
Quantitative → Quantity
listverse.com
Redi and Pasteur Experiment Showing Scientific Method
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/scientificmethod.html
QUALITATIVE DATA
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Example 1: Oil Painting
blue/green color,
gold frame
smells old and musty
texture shows brush strokes of oil paint
peaceful scene of the country
Example 1: Oil Painting
picture is 10" by 14"
with frame 14" by 18"
weighs 8.5 pounds
surface area of painting is 140 sq. in.
cost $300
Example 2: Latte
Example 2: Latte
Example 3: Freshman Class
Example 3: Freshman Class
Example Procedure:
Apply the concepts and key
words you have learned to
the following example.
Misty wants to determine
if water boils faster when
salt is added. She believes
water will boil faster if salt
is added. Her hypothesis is
“Salt water boils faster
than unsalted water.”
1. Label two beakers.
2. Add 100 ml water to each.
3. Measure and add 10 g salt
to one beaker.
4. Stir to dissolve.
5. Heat. Record the
temperature when the
water in each beaker boils.
Variable is any factor that can
affect the results.
Variables in this experiment:
Beaker sizes, amount of water,
amount of salt, and
heating method.
Solution
1 L water
1 L water +
1 tbl salt
1 L water +
2 tbl salt
Boiling Point Boiling Point Boiling Point
Trial 1
Trail 2
Trial 3
100 C
100 C
100 C
102.1 C
101.9 C
101.6 C
103.5 C
103.4 C
103.4 C
Manipulated variable =
Responding variable =
Control Group =
Conclusion =
Salt
Boiling Point
1 L water group
Salt does increase the Boiling
Point of water.
Solution
1 L water
1 L water +
1 tbl salt
1 L water +
2 tbl salt
Boiling Point Boiling Point Boiling Point
Trial 1
Trail 2
Trial 3
100 C
100 C
100 C
102.1 C
101.9 C
101.6 C
103.5 C
103.4 C
103.4 C
What prediction can you make based on these data?
If 3 tbl salt are added to 1 L water, the boiling point
will be higher than 103.4 C.
Q. Suzanne wanted to test how light affects the growth of plants.
She will measure the number of cm each plant grows.
Group A
Group B
Group C
2
2
3
Amount of light
35 watts
100 watts
35 watts
Size of pot
20 inches
20 inches
20inches
Amount of water
Once daily
Once daily
Twice daily
Number of plants
1. Which two groups should Suzanne use for her experiment?
A. Suzanne should use Group A and B.
2. What variable is Suzanne testing?
A. She is testing the Amount of light.
www.mediatinker.com
This scientist is studying the affects of fertilizer.
Is this a good experimental set up?
NO
What is wrong with this experimental design?
How can we change this to make it correct?
Per day
10 ml H2O
2
0 g fertilizer
3 hrs sunlight
Per day
15 ml H2O
10
5 g fertilizer
6
3 hrs sunlight
Per day
20 ml H2O
10
10 g fertilizer
4
3 hrs sunlight
Repeated observation and experimentation may result in a
challenge to a hypothesis.
Challenges may be successful; thus, science is self-correcting.
Science does not include hypotheses
that are not testable.
Concepts that are not testable
following the scientific
method are not necessarily
incorrect; however, they
cannot be considered
scientific.
weirdscience.ca
Scientists report their findings:
• publish it in scientific magazines/journals
• report it to other scientists
• provide findings to the scientific community for scrutiny
Common Ways to Present Information:
• Chart/Table = summarizes data
• Diagram/Model = explains or shows
detail
• Bar Graph = shows magnitude of data
• Line Graph = relates two sets of
data; shows how data changes
• Circle Graph = relates parts of a whole
• Flowchart = shows the order of steps
• Scatter Plot = shows relationship
between sets of data
Goal 1 Graphs PPT
Bias = a predisposition to a particular idea or conclusion.
Examples:
1. A principal working to determine the most nutritious school menu
would not get an unbiased response if he only asked 5 year olds.
2. A congressman searching for information about the humane
treatment of animals would not gather accurate data if she only
asked animal rights activists.
Scientists must guard against bias as they do their work.
They must be careful that their sample is not biased
and not to read their data with bias (seeing what they
want to see instead of what is truly represented).
Sample Size = group of a population that is being studied.
TOO SMALL
GOOD SAMPLE SIZE
POPULATION
Terminology Scientific Research
Inference = deduction based on observations and prior knowledge.
Professor Nowit Ahl observes fish dying
in lakes near a power plant. He infers
that some factory by-product is making
the fish sick.
Conclusion = statement that explains the relationship between
the variables of an experiment.
Professor Nowit Ahl conducts an
experiment to identify the source of the
sickness in the fish. He concludes that
the fish were becoming sick from the hot
water being dumped into the naturally
cool water.
Prediction = a statement suggesting what might happen in the
future (based on patterns in data and experiences).
Professor Nowit Ahl looks at his data and
sees that the hotter the water became,
the sicker the fish became. He predicts
that the fish will become even sicker or
may even die if the water gets too hot.
Extrapolation = a process used to make predictions about other
circumstances that were not tested in the experiment.
200
150
100
50
0
Although the
Professor didn’t
continue his data
beyond 40oF, he
can extrapolate
that if the
temperature went
up to 70oF, 150
fish would be sick.
Number of Sick Fish
Professor Nowit Ahl prepares the following graph…
0
10
20
30
40
50
Temperature (oF)
60
70
Practice Question:
1. A scientist is investigating how the color of a flower
affects the frequency of pollination by honey bees. She
takes data showing the color of the flower and the
number of bees that pollinate it in one 8-hour day. Based
on her data, she determines that yellow flowers are
pollinated more often. What type of statement does this
represent?
Click to show correct answer.
A. a conclusion
B. an inference
C. a hypothesis
D. a prediction
Model = a comprehensive explanation for an observation
Illustrations
Computer simulations
3d models
Mathematical descriptions
A good model must…
… explain ALL observations.
… be able to be used to make PREDICTIONS.
… make sense when related to known scientific processes.
A good model can…
… change over time as new information is learned.
… can become theories if they are proven correct again and again.
What is the difference between
Science and Biology?
Science is the study of the
natural world around us.
Biology is the study of the
living part of that natural
world. Biology is the study of
life.
Why do you need to know
about life?
Because you are alive and you
exist in a living world.
How do you know you are
alive?
Seven Characteristics of Life
A species must have ALL SEVEN to be considered living.
1. Order
All organisms within a species exhibit complex organization
2. Regulation
Maintenance of homeostasis (internal environment)
3. Growth and Development
Pattern of growth and development for each organism
4. Energy utilization
All organisms take in energy and transform it for use
5. Response to the environment
All organisms respond to their environment
6. Reproduction capabilities
All species can reproduce themselves
7. Evolution
All species evolve (change over time)
Unity and Diversity
There is great Diversity of living things.
Example: One Four-Square Mile patch of Rainforest contains…
1500
400
60 species
species
speciesofof
ofbirds
reptiles
flowering plants
750 species of trees
125 species of mammals
flickr.com
150 species of butterflies
60 species ofs297.photobucket.com
amphibians
www.panamacanal.com
www.ourcommunity.com.au
image59.webshots.com
To make sense of the diverse life forms in the world (or even in a
smaller complicated system like the rainforest) it helps to
organize the organisms.
A three-domain system of classification allows biologists to group
organisms using structure/function and DNA/RNA Sequencing.
The three domains can be divided into two (2) groups:
Cells without a nucleus
Cells with a nucleus
NO
NUCLEUS
prokaryote.com
library.thinkquest.org
faculty.irsc.edu
biology.clc.uc.edu
The Three Domains:
1. Domain Bacteria
Includes Eubacteria (true bacteria).
Description: Unicellular prokaryotes.
www.scharfphoto.com
Bacteria that causes
Strep throat illness.
www.blog.thesietch.org
shelbyjonas.glogster.com
The Three Domains:
2. Domain Archaea
Includes Arachaebacteria (ancient bacteria).
Description: Extreme thermophiles and methanogens.
(thermophiles live in very hot places)
(methanogens live in methane suffocated places)
Have characteristics of both Bacteria and Eukarya.
www.naturalsciences.org
microbezoo.commtechlab.msu.edu
www.erdc.usace.army.mil
3. Domain Eukarya
Amoeba
Kingdom Protista (unicellular and
multicellular microorganisms)
Paramecia
Kingdom Fungi (multicellular
mushrooms, molds, mildews)
Kingdom Plantae (all plants)
www-biology.ucsd.edu
facultyfp.salisbury.edu
Kingdom Animalia (all animals)
Mushroom
Bread mold
www.williamsclass.com
upload.wikimedia.org
Venus Fly Trapwww.pdphoto.org
piedpatter.files.wordpress.com
www.monkeymania.co.uk
There is Unity
within this great
diversity of living
things.
This unity exists in
ALL living things and
provides evidence of
our relationships
with each other.
Cells of all species
contain many of the
same molecules like
DNA.
The DNA of all species
is coded in the same
way.
(Note that the
differences between
species are a result of
differences in the
sequence (order) of the
DNA.)
A. An idea.
B. A really good idea.
C. A good idea from a scientist.
tvtropes.org
What is a THEORY?
www.toothpastefordinner.com
D. An idea that explains
something specific.
E. A widely accepted answer that
explains a process and is
supported by lots of evidence.
scienceblogs.com
What theory can explain the great diversity of organisms on earth and
also explain the unity among all that diversity at the same time?
EVOLUTION
Explains both unity
and diversity of life on
earth.
Because all living
organisms have a
common ancestor, we
are all UNIFIED.
Because all living
organisms have
evolved over time, we
are all DIVERSE.
Want a hint?
larvalsubjects.files.wordpress.com
Another theory that explains the process of evolution…
NATURAL SELECTION
Certain heritable characteristics (or adaptations) are favored over
others when put to the test out in the real world environment.
Brain capacity wasn’t the
only characteristic that
allowed humans to surge
up the evolutionary ladder.
amnh.org
Opposable thumbs
provided a serious
advantage!
The opposable thumb was an adaptation that was favored by the
environment in which early humans lived.
Tape both of your thumbs
to your hands like this…
Perform the following activities as
instructed using the materials provided:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
clker.com
7.
You may need a partner to
help you tape your thumbs.
8.
Open the jar and pour the contents onto
your desk.
Pick up the penny and place it inside
the ziplock bag. Close the bag.
Stick the tack into the cardboard then
remove it.
Write your name in the center of the
paper.
Now cut your name out of the paper.
Paperclip the cut piece of paper (with
your name) to the remaining piece of
paper.
Staple the paper-clipped papers to a
sheet of notebook paper.
Remove the paperclip and place the
stapled papers into the homework box.
This will insure you receive an activity grade.
9.
Open the door to the work room then
close it back gently.
10. Place the tack, the penny and the paper
clip into the plastic jar.
Living organisms form interconnecting webs with their environments.
Could this bubble boy survive alone in the wild?
Why NOT?
Because he cannot interact with his environment!
What non-living resources does he need?
What living resources does he need?
treklens.com
Plants and some algae use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to
perform photosynthesis and make food for themselves and for
all other life forms.
Energy for all life
forms begins with the
sun and the process of
photosynthesis.
All organisms
ultimately depend on
autotrophs (plants) for
food. (Why?)
www.rock-hill.k12.sc.us
Autotrophs (plants) take in the energy from the sun to start it in the
cycle of nutrients for all organisms.
Once the energy has
been consumed and
passes through a
sequence of living
organisms it is broken
down into non-living
nutrients that enter the
soil (nitrogen, carbon,
phosphorus, etc.) and
are then available to be
used by new autotrophs
who begin the cycle
again.
www.sheppardsoftware.com
The organisms that return the energy components to the
soil are called decomposers.
Learning to Read a
Question:
Refer to Figure 1.7A on
page 10. Discuss how
photosynthesis of the
rainforest plants
functions in both the
cycling of carbon and
the flow of energy in a
rainforest ecosystem.
What are you being
asked to discuss?
Analyze the figure.
Now answer the
discussion question.
BIOTECHNOLOGY = the practical application of scientific biological knowledge
a1biotech.biz
www.labnews.co.uk
www.theage.com.au
sushantshukla.wordpress.com
BIOLOGY IS CONNECTED TO OUR LIVES IN MANY WAYS
Birth
Biodiversity
Death
Human Population
Pollution
Environmental Changes
Agriculture
YOU
Medical Concerns
Nutrition
Exercise
Diet
k53.pbase.com
Endangered Species
Assignment:
Any
Questions?
Textbook:
Coach:
pg 13-14 #1-10
L1, L2, L3, L4, and L6