Transcript ecology - Haiku Learning

ECOLOGY
3-1, 4-1 and 4-2
In textbook
WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
1. Ecology comes from the GREEK Words
OIKOS (HOUSE OR PLACE WHERE ONE
LIVES) and LOGOS (STUDY OF).
2. Ecology then means the Study of the
“House” in which We Live.
3. Ecology can be defined more specifically as
a living HOUSEHOLD with an economy in
which EACH ORGANISM PLAYS A ROLE.
4. The Earth includes a tremendous variety of
living things. Each organism Depends in
some way on other living and nonliving
things in its Environment.
5. Ecology involves collecting information
about organisms and their environment,
looking for patterns, and seeking to explain
these patterns.
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
(PAGE 64)
Biosphere
 The surface of the Earth as a
whole is an Ecosystem. We call
the Surface of the Earth the
BIOSPHERE.
 The Biosphere is the surface of the
Earth (AIR, WATER, and LAND)
Where Living Things Exist.
Ecosystems
 The Biosphere is composed of smaller units
called ECOSYSTEMS. An Ecosystem
includes all the Organisms and the Nonliving
Environment found in a particular place.
 Ecosystems can be as large or as small as
we decide. Any area you decide to Study
can be considered an Ecosystem.
SEE the Movie
 4. You may choose to study your backyard
or a Wildlife refuge.
Populations
 A Population includes all the members of
the Same Species that Live in one place at
one time.
Community
 Populations are individual species, all the
interacting Organisms (All The Different
Populations) that live in a particular area
make up a COMMUNITY. The Physical
Location of a Community is called the
HABITAT.
Organism
The simplest Level of Organization in Ecology
is that of the ORGANISM.
Diversity
 The Diversity of an Ecosystem is a
measure of the number of different species
there, and how common each species is.
 Ecosystems are very Complex. They can
contain hundreds or even thousands of
interacting species.
THE ROLE OF CLIMATE

1. Weather is day to day whereas
CLIMATE is year to year averages of
temperature and precipitation in a region.
2. Three major influences on CLIMATE are
1. Greehouse effect – which is?
2. Location on globe
3. Air currents
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
 Draw this into
your notes and label
* Page 87
Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface
and Some Factors That Affect Climate
Section 4-1
Greenhouse Effect
Different Latitudes
90°N North Pole
Sunlight
Sunlight
Some heat
escapes
into space
Greenhouse
gases trap
some heat
Arctic circle
Sunlight
Most direct sunlight
66.5°N
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
0°
Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S
Sunlight
Atmosphere
Arctic circle
Earth’s surface
23.5°N
Sunlight
66.5°S
90°S South Pole
LOCATION ON GLOBE
 Due to angle of heating by the sun there are
three main climate zones: polar, temperate
and tropical
POLAR
TEMPERATE
TROPICAL
TEMPERATE
POLAR
AIR CURRENTS
 Unequal heating and cooling of Earth’s
surface drives winds and ocean currents.
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
(PAGE 90)
1. An Ecosystem possesses both LIVING
COMPONENTS OR BIOTIC FACTORS and
NONLIVING OR ABIOTIC FACTORS.
Abiotic factors
2. The Nonliving Factors, called Abiotic
Factors, are Physical and Chemical
Characteristics of the environment. They
include Solar Energy (Amount of Sun Light),
Oxygen, CO2, Water, Temperature,
Humidity, pH, and availability of Nitrogen.
Biotic Factors
3. The Living Components of the environment are called
Biotic Factors. They include all the Living Things. Biotic
Components are often categorized as Producers,
Consumers, and Decomposer. They also included organic
matter, like animal waste or a dead plant or animal.
4. The area in which an organism lives =
habitat
CHANGES in the Environment
* Big and small differences in abiotic factors
such as temp. make a huge impact on
organisms living in a particular habitat.
THE NICHE (page 91)
1. Each organism or species in the
community has a ROLE or PROFESSION
in that community and in ecology this is the
organisms NICHE.
2. A species’ NICHE is it’s way of life, or role
the species plays in the environment.
3.The Niche includes the range of conditions
that the species can tolerate, resources it
obtains and number of offspring, its time of
migration, etc.
Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and
Their Niches
Section 4-2
Cape May Warbler
Feeds at the tips of branches
near the top of the tree
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Feeds in the middle
part of the tree
Spruce tree
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Feeds in the lower part of the tree and
at the bases of the middle branches
Species Interactions
PAGES 92-93
Competition
 -/ Both organisms are competing for the same
resources
Predation
 +/ Most familiar
interaction
 Natural selection has
allowed a lot of these
organisms to evolve
together
Symbiosis
 Two species living close together
 3 main types
– Mutualism
– Commensalism
– Parasitism
Mutualism
 +/+
 Both organisms get a
benefit
Commensalism
 +/0
 One species benefits;
the other one is not
effected
Parasitism
 +/ Ectoparasites- outside of body
 Endoparasites- inside of body
Mimicry
 A way to avoid
predation
 An organism looks like
a distasteful or
poisonous organism
 Sometimes both
organisms are
distasteful
Succession Movie
See Movie
Ecological Succession
A. Succession - the process where an existing
community is gradually replaced by another
one.
1. May take hundreds or thousands of years.
B. Types of succession
1. Primary Succession - occurs on surfaces where no
soil exists, e.g. lava flows and glacial melts
a) Pioneer Organisms - first to populate the area e.g. lichens,
grasses and mosses help build-up the soil.
2. Secondary Succession
a) Occurs in an established ecosystem after it is destroyed or
damaged by a disaster.
E.g. Fires, floods, agriculture, etc.
b) Climax Community - is a somewhat stable, permanent
community.
Succession in Marine environment
 Use pages 96-97 to discuss the steps
involved in Marine ecological succession.
Density-dependent factors
A. Have a greater effect the larger the
population.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Competition for limited natural resources.
Predation -predator/prey relationships.
Parasitism - hosts are easier to find and infect.
Crowding - territorial stress.
Disease- increased chance of getting sick.
Density-independent factors
A. The population’s size doesn’t matter.
B. Usually natural disasters like severe
storms, drought or other climatic
conditions.
Fundamental Niche
4. The FUNDAMENTAL NICHE is the Range
of Conditions that a species can Potentially
Tolerate and the Range of Resources it can
Potentially Use.
Realized Niche
5. The REALIZED NICHE of a species is the
Range of Resources It Actually Uses.
Generalist Niche
6. GENERALIST are species with Broad
Niches; they can tolerate a range of
conditions and use a variety of resources.
Species that have narrow Niches, such as
the Koala, are called SPECIALIST.
Producers
 2 Types
 1. Photosynthetic Producers
 2. Chemosynthetic Producers
Changes in the Environment
 Abiotic factors are not constant
 Temperature: changes day by day, season
by season and even hour by hour
– Big differences in temperature are important to
organisms, as well as, slight variations in
temperature
Tolerance Curve
 Graphs an organisms performance versus
values of an environmental variable (such
as temperature)
 An organism cannot survive in areas outside
of its tolerance limits
 Fig 19-8; pg. 369
Acclimation
 Some organisms adjust to their tolerance to
abiotic factors through the process of
acclimation
 Figure 19-9; pg. 370
Control of Internal Conditions
 Conformers – do not regulate internal conditions
but change as their external environment changes
– Ex lizards
 Regulators- use energy to control their internal
homeostasis
– Ex Humans
 Both – some animals use both controls
– Ex Tuna
Escape
 Dormancy- reduced activity over long
periods of time to avoid unfavorable
environmental conditions
 Migration – move to a more favorable
environment
Resources
 The energy and materials required by an
organism to survive
– Ex: food, water, shelter
Quiz
1. Which type of ecological succession occurs
after a wild fire?
2. The relationship between whale and
barnacle is described as _____________
or a +/0 type relationship.
3. The level of ecological organization that is
most inclusive is called ______________.