Transcript Bucklin - Introduction - Census of Marine Zooplankton

CMarZ General Introduction
Ann Bucklin – University of Connecticut, USA
Photos by R.R. Hopcroft – University of Alaska, USA
and L.P. Madin – Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., USA
CMarZ Symposium and Steering Group Meeting
Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan
November 6, 2006
Census of Marine Life in Broad View
CoML is a global network of researchers in more than 70 nations engaged in a ten-year
initiative to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of marine
life in the oceans -- past, present, and future.
Through 2010, scientists worldwide will work to quantify what is known, unknown, and
what may never be known about the world's oceans.
CoML is guided by the questions:
What lived in the oceans? What lives in the oceans? What will live in the oceans?
CoML International
Scientific Steering Committee
• J. Frederick Grassle (Chair), Rutgers University, USA
• Victor Ariel Gallardo (Vice Chair), COPAS, Chile
• Vera Alexander, University of Alaska Fairbanks, USA
• D. James Baker, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, USA
• D. Chandramohan, National Inst. Oceanography, India
• David Farmer, University of Rhode Island, USA
• Carlo Heip, Netherlands Inst. Ecology, Netherlands
• Poul Holm, S Denmark University, Denmark
• Ian Poiner, AIMS, Australia
• Yoshihisa Shirayama, Kyoto University, Japan
• Myriam Sibuet, Ifremer, France
• Michael Sinclair, BIO, Canada
• Sun Song, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
• Meryl J. Williams, CGIAR, Australia/Malaysia
CoML Ocean Realm Field Projects
Human Edges
- Natural Geography in Shore Areas – NaGISA
- Gulf of Maine Area Program – GOMA
Hidden Boundaries
- Abyssal Marine Life – CeDAMar
Central Waters
- Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking – POST
- Tagging of Pacific Pelagics – TOPP
- Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystems – MAR-ECO
Active Geology
- Chemosynthetic Ecosystems – ChEss
Regions & Habitats
- Arctic Ocean Diversity – ArcOD
- Life on Seamounts – CenSeam
- Coral Reef Ecosystems – CREEFS
- Continental Margin Ecosystems – CoMargE
- Census of Antarctic Marine Life – CAML
Global Surveys
- Census of Marine Microbes – ICOMM
- Census of Marine Zooplankton - CMarZ
CMarZ Organization
Rob Jennings
Ryuji Machida
Astrid Cornils
Nancy Copley
Principal Investigators
Ann Bucklin – Univ. Connecticut, USA
Shuhei Nishida – ORI, Univ. Tokyo, Japan
Sigrid Schiel – Alfred Wegener Inst., Germany
Project / Office Managers
Robert Jennings, CMarZ – USA
Ryuji Machida, CMarZ – Asia
Astrid Cornils, CMarZ – Europe
Data Management / Communications
Peter Wiebe – Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst, USA
Bob Groman & Dicky Allison, CMarZ Database
Nancy Copley, Communications Coordinator
Steering Group
Project leadership, coordination, and
representation; 22 members from 15 countries.
CMarZ Network
Expert taxonomists, ecologists, students, and
interested colleagues; 50 members.
CMarZ Overarching Question*
WHAT ARE THE PATTERNS OF
ZOOPLANKTON BIODIVERSITY
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD OCEAN, AND
HOW ARE THEY GENERATED AND
MAINTAINED?
*CMarZ (2004) Science Plan for the Census of Marine
Zooplankton. Unpublished report from a Census of Marine
Life workshop held 17-22 March 2004 in Portsmouth NH,
supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
The Known, the Unknown,
and the Unknowable
HMS Challenger cruise track
Longhurst, 1998
Global patterns of pelagic
biodiversity known from
decades of work by
oceanographers, ecologists,
and taxonomists.
HMS Challenger (1872 – 1876):
earliest attempt to record
global patterns of biological,
chemical, and physical
properties in the ocean.
Longhurst (1998):
biogeographical patterns
suggest environmental
factors play major role in
structuring biodiversity
patterns at large scales.
The Known, the Unknown,
and the Unknowable
Cryptic mt16S rRNA lineages of
Rhincalanus nasutus. Goetze, 2003
“What species are present? What are the main patterns of species distribution
and abundance? What maintains the shape of these patterns? How and why
did the patterns develop?” McGowan (1971)
How many species are there? How many new species will be found? Will most
new species be found in biodiversity hotspots and unexplored regions?
Are there cryptic species within cosmopolitan and circumglobal species?
The Known, the Unknown,
and the Unknowable
Completeness of knowledge will be
an enduring challenge, because
of the huge spatial dimensions of
global ocean make an enduring
challenge, despite technological
advances.
Synoptic top-to-bottom and pole-topole view of the world ocean may
never be possible within time
frames of environmental
variability – as short as minutes.
Accuracy of a global view of
zooplankton species diversity is
limited by fragmented effort by
expert taxonomists scattered
throughout the world.
CMarZ Goals for 2010
 To complete a taxonomically
comprehensive, global-scale census of
marine zooplankton;
 To produce accurate and complete
information on species diversity, biomass,
and biogeographical distribution;
 To analyze the ~6,800 described species –
and likely discover at least this many new
species – of marine metazoan and
protozoan zooplankton.
Baseline Information for Zooplankton of the World Ocean
CMarZ Approaches
Sampling the global ocean
 Ecosystem biodiversity surveys in hotspots
 Cruises of opportunity & transit legs
Analysis of samples
 Use of existing plankton samples
 Recovery and use of existing data
 Development of new sampling and analysis
technology & tools
 DNA barcoding and molecular protocols
 Data management, analysis and visualization
Education & outreach
 Increase taxonomic expertise
 Graduate training
 Public appreciation
 School teachers, students & curriculum
2004-2006 Cooperating Projects
During 2004 – 2006, more than 30 CMarZ cooperating projects were
launched, contributing to the global survey of zooplankton diversity.
Morphological and molecular taxonomic analysis of samples is
coordinated across the CMarZ Network.
Use of Existing Samples and Data
Samples from
R/V Hakuho
Maru, 19671982. archived
at ORI, Univ.
Tokyo, Japan.
~118,000 samples archived at the Pelagic
Invertebrates Collection of Scripps Institution of
Oceanography (USA).
Archived oceanographic
collections are providing
resources for analysis of
the biodiversity of the
pelagic realm.
CMarZ “data recovery”
projects are ongoing in
Argentina, Germany,
India, and Japan.
CMarZ Outreach & Education
CMarZ Training Course, Univ.
Philippines, Los Baños, Dec. 2004
Rosamma Stephen
at AWI, July 2006
NOAA Teacher-atSea Joe Catron, April
2006
CMarZ Taxonomic Workshops: Over
100 participants during 2004 –
2006.
Graduate/professional training:
International exchanges; one-onone training.
Secondary school teachers and
students: workshops for teachers;
NOAA Teacher-at-Sea program.
Public education: CMarZ website and
Species Pages build appreciation
and knowledge of marine
biodiversity.
Media interest: CoML press events;
CMarZ / NOAA cruise led by Peter
Wiebe yielded > 100 articles in 25
countries and 10 languages.
Web Site at www.CMarZ.org
CMarZ Standard Protocols
Local and regional surveys must
be comparable to yield a global
survey.
Protocols and procedures must be
standardized for:
 Net style and deployment
 Sample collection
 Sample splitting & preservation
- Ethanol / genetics
- Formalin / taxonomy
- Freezing / molecular
 Metadata & sample labeling
 Shipping
 DNA barcoding
Barcoding Zooplankton
 Barcoding is deriving short DNA sequence(s)
that enable species identification or
recognition.
 For animals, focus to date is a 658 base-pair
fragment of the mitochondrial gene,
cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI)
 Zooplankton will test barcode protocols, since
15 animal phyla are represented.
 DNA is particularly useful to study animal
plankton, because
- organisms are rare, fragile, and/or small;
- species are widespread or circumglobal;
- DNA-based detection protocols will speed
sample analysis.
Contributions to CoML Legacies
 Sustained, dynamic OBIS with CMarZ data and
information, data management software,
dynamically-assembled Species Pages
 Proven technologies: DNA barcodes
 Public interest in marine life through
photographs and press coverage,
 Taxonomic and barcoding centers of excellence
in developing countries
 New generation of oceanographers; new
taxonomic capacity
 Practical applications: indicators of ecosystem
health, tools for ocean observing, baseline
biodiversity assessments, marine invasions
Brief History of CMarZ 2004 - 2006
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Mar 2004 – Planning workshop in Portsmouth, NH
Aug 2004 – CMarZ Science Plan distributed
Oct 2004 – CMarZ funded by Sloan Foundation;
CMarZ-USA Project Office established
Jan 2005 – Cooperating projects launched
Mar 2005 – www.CMarZ.org website online
Apr 2005 – CMarZ-Asia and CMarZ-Europe Project
Offices established
May 2005 – Steering Group members added from
China, India, and New Zealand
Jun 2005 – 1st CMarZ Steering Group meeting
in Bremerhaven, Germany
Oct 2006 – CMarZ Sloan funding renewed for 3 years
Nov 2006 – 2nd CMarZ Steering Group meeting in Tokyo,
Japan
CMarZ Challenges for 2006 - 2010
 Review project goals and assess our progress
 Prepare for CoML 2007 Interim Report
 Meet CoML/CMarZ milestones for:
- OBIS data submission rates
- sample and data analysis
- species discovery and description
- publication
 Work toward CoML synthesis
 Contribute to CoML legacies
 Secure funding for science (~$15M over 5 years)
 Maintain partnerships:
- other CoML field projects
- Consortium for Barcode of Life (CBOL)
- SCOR Technology Panel
Acknowledgements
CMarZ Steering Group Members
CoML Zooplankton Workshop
Portsmouth, NH USA, March 2004
Demetrio Boltovskoy (Arg.)
Janet Bradford-Grieve (NZ)
Ann Bucklin (USA)
Colomban de Vargas (France)
Ruben Escribano (Chile)
Steven Haddock (USA)
Steve Hay (UK)
Russell R. Hopcroft (USA)
Ahmet Kideys (Turkey)
Laurence P. Madin (USA)
Webjørn Melle (Norway)
Vijayalakshmi Nair (India)
Shuhei Nishida (Japan)
Mark D. Ohman (USA)
Francesc Pagés (Spain)
Annelies Pierrot-Bults
(Netherlands)
Chris Reid (UK)
Sigrid Schiel (Germany)
Sun Song (China)
Erik Thuesen (USA)
Hans Verheye (South Africa)
Peter Wiebe (USA)