Transcript Animal Behavior and Evolution

The
way an organism
reacts to changes in
their internal condition
or external
environment.
 Signal
that carries information
and can be detected
 Internal Stimulus-hunger, CO2
level high
 External Stimulus-light,
sound, odor, heat
Inborn
Behavior
Born knowing how
to do this
Ex. Sucking

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjzfyvm9208
An
automatic response
that is innate
Ex knee jerk, jerk hand
away from something
that hurts

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyVLD0hl0XY
An
inner
feeling/knowing
innate
Mothers know the cry
of their baby
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Phototaxis-animals response to light
Euglena have a positive phototaxis
Worms have a negative phototaxis
 An
animal protects an area
as its own (dog defending
owner and yard)
 Mark territory with urine,
and feces, protect food,
mate, and space.

Camouflage-blend into surroundings

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpE2jFHlEXI
 Mimicry-look

the same but are not
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ds5qIn2TISg
 Camouflage
and mimicry protect
the organisms from stronger
organisms
 Ex.Moth that when scared shows
the underside of its wings and it
looks like a predatory owl
King and Coral snakes
 Behaviors
used to attract a
mate.
 Sounds, visual display(dance),
chemical
 Pheromones are chemicals
secreted by animals (scents) to
attract a mate.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80lMLgzCzo0
Behavioral
Cycles(Innate)
 The
regular seasonal
movement of an animal
to find food or a better
place to raise their young
 Geese fly south for the
winter
A
period of inactivity
during the cold months
in which heart and
breathing rates as well as
metabolism slows down.
A
period of inactivity
because of heat
Heart, Breathing, and
metabolism slows
Ex. Desert animals
bury in ground
A
24hour/daily rhythm or
pattern
 Something that you do
everyday at the same time
 Sleeping and Waking;
Eating

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9wDNaNqWrI
A
yearly pattern,
something that
happens about the
same time each year
Migration, Hibernation
A
rhythm/pattern
controlled by the
moon
Ex. Tides
Animals
that are
active during the
day
Animals
that are
active at night
Owls, Bats
Behavior
that must be
taught or develops
over time
1.
Habituation-when an animal is
continually given a stimulus and
eventually does not respond to it.
alarm clock
3.
Trial and Error Learning(operant
conditioning)-Learned behavior
occurs after repeating the same
activity several times
ex. Mouse in maze, speed
increases over time
5.
Insight learning-most
complicated type of learning
REASONING
Apply prior learning to the
new situation
Ex. Monkey stack boxes to
get to a hanging bunch of
bananas, math problems
 Many
animals work
together and cooperate
with one another making
them less exposed to
predators
 Tropisms-growth
of plant in
response to a stimulus
Positive Stimulus-move toward
stimulus
Negative Stimulus-move away from
stimulus
1. Phototropism-response to light
Leaves-positive response
Roots-negative response
2. Geotropism (Gravitropism)-response to
gravity
Roots-positive response
Stems and leaves-negative response
3. Thigmotropism-tendrils wrap around
something in response to touch
climatis,cucumbers
Nastic Movements are responses of plants to
stimulus regardless of direction
Examples: Mimosa leaves curling when touched;
Venus Fly Traps snapping shut when hairs
touched
 Photoperiodism-response to amount of
daylight
a. Short-day plants- bloom in fall and winter
(mums)
b. Long-day plants- bloom in spring and
summer (iris, impatiens)
c. Day-Neutral plants-bloom over a range of
photoperiods
(roses, beans)

Circadian Rhythms-24 hour periods
1. Plants open during day and close at night
2. Secreting nectar when pollinators are active

Communication with predators- secrete foul
substances to detract herbivores
Can communicate to other plants to secrete
substance to protect it.
Change
in a
population over
time
Theories explain a variety of data and
observations
Theories maybe used to make
predictions
Theories can change as our
knowledge of the world around us
changes
Why do so many different animals have
the same structures but different
functions? Why do organisms have
structures they no longer use? Why is
DNA similar in so many organisms and
different in others? Why do chordate
embryos look very similar in early stages?
 Lamark-use
and disuse
 The more structure is used the
bigger and better it gets and
structures not used decrease and
disappear.
 These traits (acquired
characteristics) that develop
during life are passed to offspring
but not through genes
Section 15-2
 Origin
of the Species-Book
that discussed the theory of
natural selection
 “Survival of the Fittest”organism best suited to the
environment will survive and
reproduce passing traits to
next generation
VARIATION caused by sexual reproduction occurs
within a population when it needs to adapt to
environment. Caused by gene shuffling during
fertilization and crossing over or when a positive
mutation occurs
OVERPRODUCTION - More offspring are produced
in each generation than can survive
COMPETITION- Because live in the same area and
have the same niche (job)
NATURAL SELECTION - Organisms most fit to
environment survive and reproduce passing these
adaptations to the next generation
 Ex.
Runt of the litter is the least
likely to survive
 Peppered Moth of England-Color
was white until the industrial
revolution left light bark trees
dark. Species mutated to the
dark colored moth due for
camoflauge purposes
 Old
fossils in lower rock
layers, New in upper
 Fossils tell that fewer
organisms were on Earth
in earlier eras and that
they were less complex
Form in sedimentary rock
 Imprints, molds, casts, petrified fossils
 Relative age of fossils can be determined
from the layer of rock the fossil is in
 Old fossils in bottom layers and young in
upper layers
 Absolute age – radioactive isotopes,
Carbon 14, ½ -life =5730 years
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1.
2.
3.
Vestigial Structures-have no
function
Ex. Appendix, pelvis of a whale
Homologous Structures-looks the
same but have different functions
Ex. Bones in the hand and flippers
Analogous Structures-look different
but have the same function
Ex. Wings of a bird and insect
Homologous Structures
Compare
embryos of
different species at
different stages of
development
More alike, more
related
 #1
thing scientists use to
group/classify based on
evolutionary relationships
 Compare organisms proteins
and their DNA
 Only 1% difference in the DNA
of a chimp and a human
Isabella Island
Hood Island
Pinta Island
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
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variat
ion/related/
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variat
ion/recipe/
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variat
ion/artificial/
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variat
ion/sources/
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variat
ion/eye/
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
http://unctv.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/
tdc02.sci.life.evo.whymatters/evolvingideas-why-does-evolution-matter-now/
http://unctv.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/
biot09.biotech.concpt.kmicrobe/killermicrobe/
http://unctv.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/
tdc02.sci.life.gen.btcorn/bt-corn/
Mechanisms of Evolution
 Shows
if evolution is taking place
 No change in gene frequency – No
Evolution
 Change in gene frequency –
Evolution
 P=dominant, q=recessive
 P+Q=1
 P2 + 2PQ + Q2=1distribution of
gentoypes
 G=gray,
g=black
 Year 1of study population
80% gray and 20% black
 Year 10 of study Population
65% gray and 35% black
 Evolution has occurred
because of the change in
gene frequency
 G=gray
coat, g=Black coat
 Dominant allele=80% What is the
recessive gene frequency?
.80+?=1 or .20 or 20%
 What is the distribution of
genotypes?
 .82+2(.8)(.2)+.22=1
.64+.32+.04=1 Genotypes
64% GG
32% Gg
4%gg
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400 rabbits in a population
300 have the dominant allele W for white fur
What is the frequency of the recessive for black
fur?
300/400x100=75% white rabbits
.75+Q=1,
Q=.25 (25% black rabbits)
What are the genotypes of the rabbit population?
.752+2(.75)(.25)+.252=1
.563+.375+.O63=1
 WW=56.3%
 Ww=37.5%
 Ww=6.3%
Causes of Change In a
Gene Pool
1. Natural Selection or
survival of the fittest
within a species
2.Mutation- a change in
DNA sequence that is
a perk to species
Ex.Polyploidy in plants
3N, 4N, makes stronger
3. Migration-movement to a new
location to raise young
because of more favorable
conditions
immigration- movment into an
area
emigration- movement out of
an area
4.
Isolation
Geographic Isolation- physical barrier
divides population and they change with
environment
Reproductive Isolation- formerly
inbreeding organisms can no longer
mate due to mating at different times or
a change in mating songs or dances
Temporal Isolation- wrong time
5. Genetic Drift-small population
loss of genes due to emigration
and establishing new population
in new location
Amish in Pennsylvania extra fingers
and toes (polydactyl)
because mate with other Amish
that have the characteristic
 Gradualism-
speciation
slow
 Flowering
plants and
insects coevolved to meet
the needs of each other.
 Shape of beak and flower
make pollination easier.
 Species
have different ancestor but
appear similar (fish and dolphin)
 Come together because of
environment
 Similar appearance is due to
adaptation for similar environmental
conditions
 Can lead to mimicry (2 different
species look and act alike to reduce
predation)
 Species
have common
ancestors but appear/look
different (kangaroo and koala
bear) They move away from
each other
 Occurs because populations
adapt to different
environmental conditions

www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/i
mage_pop/l_016_02.html
Early deadly gases on Earth like hydrogen
cyanide, carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and
water-1st organisms on Earth –ProkaryoticBacteria/Monera, heterotrophic
 Lived in water
 Cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll and
produced oxygen by photosynthesis
 Formation of the ozone layer allowed life

to move onto land
 Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
 Ectotherms-temperature
controlled outside body
 Birds
Mammals
 Endotherms-temperature
controlled inside the body
 Primates-”First
in Latin”
Large brain (Monkey,
Gorilla, Human)
 Hominid-bipedal(ability
to walk on two legs),
opposable thumb,
Homo
habilus
Homo
erectus
Homo
sapien
• Handy Man, Used tools, Did not
walk upright, fire, limited speech
• Fossils in Africa
• Bipedal, nomadic hunters and
gatherers, language, fire, customs
• Left Africa
• Wise human being, modern man
• Complex culture
 Major
reasons for increases in
human size over past years is
improved diet
 Better medicine and medical care
have significantly increased the
life span of humans
 Growing own food allowed groups
to settle in one area instead of
leading a nomadic lifestyle to find
food.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mosses(non-vascular-no
xylem and phloem)stay close
to ground and need water
Ferns- vascular
Gymnosperms-vascular,
conifers
Angiosperms-vascular,
Flowers