Transcript Living Things in Ecosytems Chapter 2

Living Things in Ecosystems
Chapter 2
“When we try to pick out anything
by itself, we find it hitched to
everything else in the universe.”
2.1 Ecosystems
• Include all the different organisms living in
a certain area along with their physical
environment
• Things move from one ecosystem to
another
• Composed of both biotic and abiotic
factors
• Wetlands, deserts, mountains in Alaska
Biotic factors- living parts of
an ecosystem
Abiotic factors- nonliving parts
of an ecosystem
Ecosystems
Biotic
Abiotic
List some biotic factors and some
abiotic factors
Biotic Factors
Abiotic Factors
List some biotic factors and some
abiotic factors
Biotic Factors
• Animals
• Plants
• microorganisms
Abiotic Factors
• Temperature
• Sunlight
• Humidity
• Water supply
• Soil type
• Mineral nutrients
– Nitrogen, sulfur
How are ecosystems organized?
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Organism
Ecosystems and the biosphere
• There are different levels of organization
within an ecosystem from the individual
organism to the entire biosphere
Parts of an ecosystem
Organism
One individual living thing
Population
Group of individuals of the same
species living in a particular place
Community
All populations are part of a
community
- a group of interacting
populations
Ecosystem
All organisms living in a certain
area
Biosphere
“circle of life”
How does a lion fit into an
ecosystem?
• Niche- all of an organism’s relationships
with its environment- both the living and
nonliving parts; an organism’s way of life
– Reproducing
– #of offspring
– Where it finds shelter
A niche is like an organism’s profession…
What is a habitat?
• The actual place that
•
an organism lives
The “address” of the
animal
Section 2.1 Review
•Distinguish between biotic and
abiotic factors
•Explain population, community,
and ecosystem
•Distinguish between habitat and
niche
2.2 How species interact with
each other
• There are 5 major types of species
interactions
– Predation
– Competition
– Parasitism
– Mutualism
– commensalism
predation
• One organism kills
•
•
and eats another
organism
Eaten- called prey
Eater- called predator
Competition- a relationship
between species in which they
attempt to use the same limited
resource
Parasitism
• Organisms that live in or on another
organism and feed on it without
immediately killing it
– Host- the organism the parasite takes its
nourishment from
– Ticks, fleas, tapeworms, heartworms, leeches,
mistletoe
Mutualism
• A cooperative partnership between two
species
– …bacteria that live in your intestines break
down food that you cannot. They also supply
you with vitamin K which you need for blood
clotting. You give them a warm, dark, place
to live that is full of food for them!
– Ants and acacia trees in Central America
Commensalism
• Rare and strange type of specie
interaction
• One species benefits and the other is
neither harmed or helped
• Sharks and remoras
Section 2.2 Review…fill in the
table below
Predation
Competition
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
2.3 Adapting to the environment
• How does the close match between an
organism and the environment come
about?
Evolution by natural selection
• 1859…Darwin an English naturalist observed
•
•
•
members of a population and noticed their
differences
Darwin proposed that the environment
determines which individuals would have
offspring
Because of certain traits, certain individuals are
more likely to survive
Natural selection- the unequal survival and
reproduction that results from the presence or
absence of particular traits
Evolution by natural selection
• Over many generations natural selection
causes characteristics of populations to
change
• Evolution- a change in the genetic
characteristics of populations from one
generation to the next
Evolution by natural selection
Evolution by natural selection
Type title here
organism can produceType name here
more offspring than can survive
the environment can kill
organisms
indivuduals vary
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