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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
2 July 2009
Evaluating and managing risks posed by
pesticides
Environmental and other factors
Hans Løkke
pRÆSEN
TATION
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Outline
› Experiences from the Sahel region
› PRéLISS
› Mango IPM
› The DPSIR model
›
›
›
›
›
Drivers
Pressures
States
Impacts
Responses (management)
› Information strategies
› Conclusions
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Experiences from the Sahel region
- PRéLISS
› Work performed within the PRéLISS project on
susstainable grasshopper regulation in Niger,
Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal
› Most pesticides are used in national arial spraying
programmes conducted by Plant Directorates
› The extent of local ground based spraying is small
Programme Régional de Lutte intégrée contre les
Sauteriaux au Sahel
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
2 July 2009
PRéLISS.org
Implementation of a decision support system
for the control of the Senegalese grasshopper:
IPM – pesticides yes/no - or - metarhizium
pRÆSEN
TATION
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Oedaleus senegalensis
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Migration
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
PRéLISS II
› Implementation of a decision support system on the control of the
Senegalese grasshopper at the Regional Centre AGRHYMET in
Niger and the Plant Protection Institutes in Niger, Senegal, Burkina
Faso and Mali
› Systematise the grasshopper data sampling programmes that are
already carried out by the Plant Protection Institutes - the input data
required by the model
› Implement a rapid electronic system to transfer sampling data and
output from the decision support system
› Education and capacity building of personnel at AGRHYMET and
the Plant Protection Institutes
› Dissemination of knowledge on grasshopper ecology and
grasshopper control achieved during PRéLISS I and PRéLISS II
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
2 July, 2009
Modelisation
User interface
› There are three models in
the decision support system:
Model 3
Grasshopper
data
Model 2
Model 1
› 1. SahelEco – a complicated
ecosystem model (without GIS)
› 2. A more simple model based
on the model of Launois, 1979
› 3. A strong spatial model,
resolution 1 km2. Input data
from satellite images
GIS
The three models have almost the
same user interface
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
2 July, 2009
Sampling of grasshopper data
Aim:
› to have input data for the
models of the decision
support system
› to have data for validation
purposes
› modify the sampling
programs at the Plant
Protection Institutes to
provide the data required
by the decision support
system
Egg pod sampling
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Sweep netting
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Weaver ants as biocontrol agents in fruit trees
› Have been used in citrus
in Southeast Asia for
centuries
› IPM with weaver ants in
mango in Australia
› A native species in Africa
› Prey on almost all insects
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
The main problem is fruit flies
› Causes enourmous
losses all over tropical
Africa
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Initial results
› Very promising results
from Benin – 90%
reduction in pupae from
mangos from ant trees
› Weaker but positive
results from pilot
experiments in Senegal
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Learnings from Sahel
› Local spraying of cotton is a major problem – young people/children
used for spraying
› Pesticide containers are used for drinking water and food storage
› Need for better local organisation: Knowledge transfer from extension
services to non-educated farmers is difficult
› Limiting factors: Water, fertilisers, quality seeds, quality pesticides
› Extension services need resources (vehicles, fuel)
› Need for control of pesticide quality, and for bringing illegal products and
banned pesticides to light
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Which international risk assessment tools
are available from Europe?
› New EU pesticides legislation – comprehensive
regulation dealing with almost all topics from
production to licensing of pesticides
› Not covering cocktail effects, combinations of
pesticides and other stressors
› The principle of Integrated Pest Management is laid
down, i.e. the promotion of non-chemical pest
control methods such as crop rotation, to be used
wherever possible as alternatives to pesticides
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
› Aerial crop spraying will in general be banned
› Special protection of the aquatic environment and
drinking water ("buffer zones" or "safeguard zones“)
› Minimum use of pesticides in parks, public gardens,
sports and recreation grounds, school grounds and
playgrounds and in the close vicinity of healthcare
facilities.
› Training of pesticide users and salespeople, on
handling and storage
› Awareness-raising and inspection of pesticides
application equipment.
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
US risk assessment tools
United States of America: EPA
› Regulates the use of pesticides under the authority
of two federal statutes:
› the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
› the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)
› – comprehensive regulations dealing with almost all
topics from production to licensing of pesticides
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
2 July, 2009
DPSIR model
•
•
•
•
•
Driving forces
Pressures
States
Impacts
Responses
European Environment Agency (EEA)
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
DPSIR model
› As a first step, data and information on all the
different elements in the DPSIR chain is collected.
Then possible connections between these different
aspects are postulated. Through the use of the
DPSIR modelling framework, it is possible to gauge
the effectiveness of responses put into place
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
19
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Drivers
• Social and economic factors
•
•
•
•
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Growth and size of human population
Technological change
Economic growth
Political and social institutions
Culture
Knowledge and information exchange
• Agricultural area by crops (cereal, oil crops, forage,
woodlands)
• Agricultural intensity
• Area and use of grasslands
• Irrigation of agricultural land
• Climate change (temperature, humidity)
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Pressures
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pesticide use
Total agricultural land
Harvesting pressure
Livestock
Use of fertilisers
Introduced species and genomes
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
States
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•
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Soil fertility
Special habitat remaining
Ecosystem quality
Number of wild species
Number of keystone species
Erosion
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Impact
› Worker exposure
› Toxic waste/obsolete pesticides
› Home and personal use
› Drinking water and food
› Environmental impact
›
›
›
›
husbandry
wildlife
biodiversity
……
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity
› Reduced abundancy of birds and mammal species
› Impact on pollinators
› Reduced soil biodiversity
› Impact on plant species composition and
abundance
› Loss of specialised, threatened plant species,
mosses and epilithic lichens
› Loss of natural enemies of pests
› Loss of molluscs, crustacean species and fishes
› Fragmentation of landscape
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Responses
› Ban of most toxic pesticides
› Warning systems and decision support systems
› Crop-rotation regime determines the levels of
diseases, weeds and pests
› Information strategies for presenting know-how and
guidance on plant protection and risks to the
environment
› Alternative methods of controlling and preventing
pests
› Training in organisation and sharing of knowledge
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Information strategies
 Human health risks (direct contact, food residue
intake, risks to livestock)
 Safe pesticide storage and application
 Handling of pesticides in connection with the filling
and cleaning of sprays
 Environmental risks
 Soil and water pollution
 Indoor applications
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Advanced information strategies
› Appraisal of the relationships between yield losses,
time of spraying and residual concentrations in
foodstuffs
› Preventive strategies through crop choice and
technical factors, including the influence of
fertilisation level on pests
› Population dynamics of pests in different cultivation
systems/farms
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Alternative methods of controlling and
preventing pests
› Resistent varieties
› Biological control/pest control
› Mechanical weed control
› Measures to avoid seed-born diseases
› GMO crops
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Warning systems and decision support
systems
› For predicting situations in which significant attacks
could develop, which should averted by spraying;
› Decision support systems, which incorporate
prevention and chemical control for special crops
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Main conclusions
Prerequisites for success of management:
› Organisation skill
› Sharing of knowledge
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
UNEP - Pesticides
Hans Løkke
2 July, 2009
Conclusions on information strategy
› Elucidate methods that are considered to show
special potential on a local scale
› Ensure political and economic support to the
methods
› Introduce preventive and non-chemical methods of
control
› Substitute with less toxic compounds
› Implement information strategy and document
efficiency by monitoring
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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
2 July 2009
Thank you for your attention
Thanks to the PRéLISS team (preliss.org)
pRÆSEN
TATION