Transcript sbio chap 5 ppt

5-1 How Populations Grow
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Characteristics of Populations
What characteristics are used to describe a
population?
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Characteristics of Populations
Characteristics of Populations
Three important characteristics of a population
are its:
• geographic distribution
• population density
• growth rate
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Population Growth
What factors affect population size?
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Population Growth
Population Growth
Three factors can affect population size:
• the number of births
• the number of deaths
• the number of individuals that enter or leave the
population
A population can grow when its birthrate is greater than its
death rate.
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Population Growth
Immigration, the movement of individuals into an
area, is another factor that can cause a population
to grow.
Emigration, the movement of individuals out of an
area, can cause a population to decrease in size.
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Exponential Growth
What are exponential growth and logistic
growth?
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Exponential Growth
Exponential Growth
Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a
population will grow exponentially.
Exponential growth occurs when the individuals in a
population reproduce at a constant rate.
The population becomes larger and larger until it approaches
an infinitely large size.
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Exponential Growth
Exponential Growth
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Logistic Growth
Logistic Growth
As resources become less available, the growth of
a population slows or stops.
Logistic growth occurs when a population's
growth slows or stops following a period of
exponential growth.
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Logistic growth is characterized by an S-shaped
curve.
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Limiting Factors
What factors limit population growth?
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Density-Dependent Factors
Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale
Moose
Wolves
Density-Dependent Activity
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5-1
Population density is the number of individuals
a. that are born each year.
b. per unit area.
c. that immigrate.
d. that emigrate.
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5-1
When the birthrate of a population exceeds its
death rate, the population
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•
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•
decreases.
increases.
stays the same.
increases then decreases.
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5-1
An S-shaped curve on a graph of population growth
is characteristic of
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•
exponential growth.
logistic growth.
carrying capacity.
delayed growth.
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5-1
Exponential growth in a population slows down or
stops as
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•
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•
resources become limited.
rate of immigration increases.
rate of emigration decreases.
birth rate increases.
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5-1
Exponential growth rate means that each new
generation of a population
• adds the same number of new individuals as the
previous generation did.
• increases at the same rate as the previous generation.
• is the same size as the generation before.
• increases by a varying amount.
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5-2 Limits to Growth
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Limiting Factors
– What factors limit population growth?
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Limiting Factors
• Limiting Factors
• The primary productivity of an ecosystem can be
reduced when there is an insufficient supply of a
particular nutrient.
• Ecologists call such substances limiting nutrients.
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Limiting Factors
• A limiting nutrient is an example of a more
general ecological concept: a limiting factor.
• In the context of populations, a limiting factor
is a factor that causes population growth to
decrease.
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Density-Dependent Factors
• Density-Dependent Factors
• A limiting factor that depends on population size is
called a density-dependent limiting factor.
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Density-Dependent Factors
– Density-dependent limiting factors include:
•
•
•
•
competition
predation
parasitism
disease
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Density-Dependent Factors
– Density-dependent factors operate only when the
population density reaches a certain level. These
factors operate most strongly when a population
is large and dense.
– They do not affect small, scattered populations as
greatly.
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Density-Dependent Factors
– Competition
• When populations become crowded, organisms
compete for food, water space, sunlight and other
essentials.
• Competition among members of the same species is a
density-dependent limiting factor.
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Density-Dependent Factors
• Competition can also occur between members
of different species.
• This type of competition can lead to
evolutionary change.
• Over time, the species may evolve to occupy
different niches.
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Density-Dependent Factors
– Predation
• Populations in nature are often controlled by predation.
• The regulation of a population by predation takes place
within a predator-prey relationship, one of the bestknown mechanisms of population control.
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Density-Dependent Factors
Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale
Moose
Wolves
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Density-Dependent Factors
– Parasitism and Disease
• Parasites can limit the growth of a population.
• A parasite lives in or on another organism (the host)
and consequently harms it.
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Density-Independent Factors
• Density-Independent Factors
• Density-independent limiting factors affect all
populations in similar ways, regardless of the population
size.
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Density-Independent Factors
– Examples of density-independent limiting factors
include:
• unusual weather
• natural disasters
• seasonal cycles
• certain human activities—such as damming rivers and
clear-cutting forests
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5-2
– A limiting factor that affects all populations in
similar ways regardless of their size might be
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drought.
disease.
predation.
crowding.
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5-2
– Which of the following would be a limiting factor
affecting the panda population of China?
• programs that educate people about endangered
species
• capture of some pandas for placement in zoos
• laws protecting habitat destruction
• a disease that kills bamboo plants
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5-2
– Density-dependent factors operate most strongly
when a population is
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•
large and dense.
large but sparse.
small and sparse.
small, but growing.
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5-2
– Within a limited area, if the population of a
predator increases, the population of its prey is
likely to
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•
increase.
decrease.
remain about the same.
become extinct.
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5-2
– Which of the following is a density-independent
factor affecting populations?
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predation
disease
a destructive hurricane
parasites
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5-3 Human Population Growth
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Historical Overview
– How has the size of the human population changed
over time?
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Historical Overview
• Historical Overview
– Like the populations of many other living organisms,
the size of the human population tends to increase
with time.
– For most of human existence, the population grew
slowly.
– Limiting factors kept population sizes low.
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Historical Overview
• About 500 years ago, the human population
began growing more rapidly.
• Life was made easier and safer by advances in
agriculture and industry.
• Death rates were dramatically reduced due to
improved sanitation, medicine, and healthcare,
while birthrates remained high.
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Historical Overview
• With these advances, the human population
experienced exponential growth.
Human Population Growth
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Patterns of Population Growth
• Patterns of Population Growth
• The scientific study of human populations is called
demography.
• Demography examines the characteristics of human
populations and attempts to explain how those
populations will change over time.
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Patterns of Population Growth
– Why do population growth rates differ in
countries throughout the world?
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Patterns of Population Growth
– Birthrates, death rates, and the age structure of a
population help predict why some countries have
high growth rates while other countries grow
more slowly.
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Patterns of Population Growth
– The Demographic Transition
• Over the past century, population growth in the United
States, Japan, and much of Europe has slowed
dramatically.
• According to demographers, these countries have
completed the demographic transition, a dramatic
change in birth and death rates.
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Patterns of Population Growth
• The demographic transition has three stages.
• In stage 1, there are high death rates and high
birthrates.
• In stage 2, the death rate drops, while the
birthrate remains high. The population
increases rapidly.
• In stage 3, the birthrate decreases, causing
population growth to slow.
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Patterns of Population Growth
• The
demographic
transition is
complete
when the
birthrate falls
to meet the
death rate,
and
population
growth stops.
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Patterns of Population Growth
– Age Structure
• Population growth depends, in part, on how many
people of different ages make up a given population.
• Demographers can predict future growth using models
called age-structure diagrams.
• Age-structure diagrams show the population of a
country broken down by gender and age group.
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Patterns of Population
Growth
U.S. Population
80+
Females
Males
60–64
Age (years)
• In the United
States, there are
nearly equal
numbers of
people in each
age group.
• This age
structure
diagram predicts
a slow but
steady growth
rate for the near
future.
40–44
20–24
0–4
8
6 4
2
0
2
4
6 8
Percentage of Population
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Patterns of Population
RwandanGrowth
Population
Age (years)
• In Rwanda, there
are many more
young children
than teenagers,
and many more
teenagers than
adults.
• This age structure
diagram predicts a
population that
will double in
about 30 years.
80+
Males
Females
60–64
40–44
20–24
0–4
Percentage of Population
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Future Population Growth
• Future Population Growth
• To predict human population growth, demographers
must consider the age structure of each country, as well
as the prevalence of life-threatening diseases.
• If growing countries move toward the demographic
transition, growth rate may level off or decrease.
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Future Population Growth
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Future Population Growth
• Ecologists suggest that if growth does not slow
down, there could be serious damage to the
environment and global economy.
• Economists assert that science, technology, and
changes in society may control the negative
impact of population growth.
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5-3
– The size of the human population began to
increase exponentially after the
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bubonic plague.
development of plowing and irrigation.
Industrial Revolution.
development of the first cities.
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5-3
– Which of the following is NOT a potential limiting
factor of human population growth?
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famine
medicine
war
disease
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5-3
– After the demographic transition is complete, a
population
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•
grows rapidly.
grows slowly.
begins a period of rapid decline.
stays about the same size as time passes.
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5-3
– An age-structure diagram shows a breakdown of a
population by
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•
location and age group.
age group and gender.
birthrate and death rate.
age group and emigration rate.
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5-3
– Since the mid-1960s, the average annual growth
rate of the human population has
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remained about the same.
failed to show a consistent pattern.
increased.
decreased.
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