Transcript Inspiration

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Unit 5
HS260 Anatomy, Physiology &
Chemistry
Amy Habeck, RD, MS, LDN
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Questions?
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Objectives
• Answer your questions
• Review chapter 14: Respiratory System
• Chapter 15: Digestive System
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Types of Respiration
• Pulmonary ventilation: breathing or external
respiration
• Internal respiration: exchange of gasses
between the blood and cells of the body
• Cellular respiration: use of oxygen by cells in the
process of metabolism
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What is the function of
respiration?
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What is the function of
respiration?
• Air distribution
▫ Supply oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide
from cells
• Gas exchange
• Warms, filters and humidifies the air we breathe
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Structure of Respiratory System
• Tube with many branches ending in millions of
extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs
▫ What are these sacs called?
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Structure of Respiratory System
• Tube with many branches ending in millions of
extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs
▫ What are these sacs called?
 Alveoli
• The alveoli distribute air close enough to blood
for a gas exchange to take place between air and
blood.
▫ What is this transport process called?
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Structure of Respiratory System
• Tube with many branches ending in millions of
extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs
▫ What are these sacs called?
 Alveoli
• The alveoli distribute air close enough to blood
for a gas exchange to take place between air and
blood.
▫ What is this transport process called?
 Diffusion
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Upper Respiratory Tract
• Nose
▫ External nares
▫ Nasal cavities
• Pharynx
▫ Nasopharynx
▫ Oropharynx
▫ Laryngoharynx
• Larynx (voice box)
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Vocal cords
Glottis
Epiglotttis
Thyroid cartilage
Lower Respiratory Tract
• Trachea (windpipe)
▫ 15-20 C-shaped rings of
cartilage
▫ Produces and moves
mucus up to the pharynx
• Bronchial tree
▫ Primary (right and left)
bronchi
• Lungs
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Secondary bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli
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Inspiration
Diaphragm 1_____________,
volume of thorax
2_______________ and
pressure 3 ____________,
causing air to fill the lungs.
Expiration
Diaphragm returns to
4_____________, volume of
thorax 5_______________ and
pressure 6____________,
forcing air from the lungs.
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts, volume of
thorax increases and pressure
decreases, causing air to fill the
lungs.
Expiration
Diaphragm returns to upward
position, volume of thorax
decreases and pressure
increases, forcing air from the
lungs.
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Pulmonary Stretch Receptors
• Respond to stretch in lungs
• Protects respiratory organs from over inflation
• Air inspired – lungs expand, stimulating the
stretch receptors to inhibit inspiration –
relaxation of inspiratory muscles occurs –
expiration follows
• Air expired – lungs deflate, inhibiting the stretch
receptors – inspiration allowed to start again
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What is the function of the
respiratory mucosa?
• It is different from the respiratory membrane
and serves a different purpose.
▫ Respiratory membrane: separates the air in the
alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries
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What is the function of the
respiratory mucosa?
• Respiratory Mucosa
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▫
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Covered with mucus
Lines the tubes of the respiratory tree
Cleanses the air by trapping bacteria
Mucus forms a “blanket” that moves contaminants
upward to the pharynx with the help of the
hairline cilia that line the respiratory mucosa
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Questions?
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Digestive System (Alimentary Canal)
• 29 feet long
• Two types of digestion
▫ 1.
▫ 2.
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Digestive System (Alimentary Canal)
• 29 feet long
• Two types of digestion
▫ 1. mechanical
 Chewing or deglutition
 Churning of stomach
 Defecation
▫ 2. chemical
 Digestive enzymes and other chemicals
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What are the three kinds of
processing that food undergo in
the body?
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
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What are the three kinds of
processing that food undergo in
the body?
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Metabolism
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What are the four layers of the
digestive tract?
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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What are the four layers of the
digestive tract?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mucosa or mucous membrane
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
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Salivary Glands
• What is the largest salivary gland?
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Salivary Glands
• Parotid gland: largest salivary gland, lies just
below and in front of each ear at the angle of the
jaw
• Submandibular glands: open on either side of
the lingual frenulum
• Sublingual glands: open into the floor of the
mouth
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Digestion
• Carbohydrate
▫ Salivary amylase in mouth
▫ Pancreatic and intestinal juice enzymes digest
starches and sugars
• Protein
▫ Pepsin in stomach
▫ Trypsin and peptidases in small intestine
• Fat
▫ Emulsification by bile in the duodenum
▫ Pancreatic lipase splits up fat into fatty acids and
glycerol
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Digestion-Let’s Practice
• Where does digestion of carbohydrate begin?
• Where does digestion of protein begin?
• Where does digestion of fat begin?
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Digestion-Let’s Practice
• Where does digestion of carbohydrate begin?
▫ In the mouth with salivary amylase
▫ The majority takes place in the duodenum with
intestinal enzymes sucrase, maltase and lactase
• Where does digestion of protein begin?
▫ In the stomach with gastric juice containing
pepsin and HCl
▫ It continues in the small intestine with trypsin &
peptidases
• Where does digestion of fat begin?
▫ In the duodenum with pancreatic juice containing
lipase
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What are the three divisions of the
stomach?
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
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What are the three divisions of the
stomach?
• 1. fundus: enlarged portion to the left of and
above the opening of the esophagus in to the
stomach
• 2. body: central part of the stomach
• 3. pylorus: lower narrow section, which joins
the first part of the small intestine
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What are the three sections of the
small intestine?
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
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What are the three sections of the
small intestine?
• 1. duodenum
• 2. jejunum
• 3. ileum
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Liver and Gallbladder
• Liver is an exocrine gland
▫ Cells secrete bile into ducts
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Pancreas
• Both an exocrine and endocrine gland
• Why?
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Pancreas
• Both an exocrine and endocrine gland
• Exocrine
▫ Secretes pancreatic juice into ducts
• Endocrine
▫ Secretes hormones into the blood
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Large Intestine
• About 5 feet in length
• What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?
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Large Intestine
• What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?
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Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
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Questions?
Slide 42
A function of respiratory organs is to
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Maintain stable CO2 concentration in the body
Maintain stable O2 concentration in the body
Distribute air to the lungs
Warm and humidify breathed air
All of the above are correct
After leaving the trachea during inspiration,
air then moves into the
Slide 43
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Larynx
Pharynx
Alveoli
Slide 44
If the volume of the thorax increases, then a
person will
A.
B.
Expire
Inspire
As a person begins exercising,
we should expect their
tidal volume to ? over time.
A.
B.
Increase
Decrease
Slide 45
Chemoreceptors detect an increase of CO2
in the blood. What will happen next?
Slide 46
A.
B.
C.
Rate of breathing increases
Rate of breathing decreases
No change in rate of breathing
The roof of the mouth is also called the
Slide 47
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Pharynx
Uvula
Frenulum
Palate
Papilla
After material leaves the stomach, it then
enters the
Slide 48
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Colon
Jejunum
Duodenum
Ileum
Esophagus
Proteins are digested into ? and then
absorbed.
Slide 49
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Peptide groups
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Emulsification is a type of ?
digestion.
A.
B.
Chemical
Mechanical
Slide 50
Most nutrients are absorbed through the
wall of the
Slide 51
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Stomach
Colon
Small intestine
Liver
Pancreas
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Animations
To help you study for unit 6 exam
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Respiratory mucosa
Mouth and Initiation of Mechanical Digestion
Pharynx
Small Intestine
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Farewell
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