Transcript TAKS Science EXIT Review

TAKS Science EXIT Review
Living Systems and the
Environment
Organization of Organisms
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Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Give examples of each
type.
Systems
Circulatory
Circulatory
Respiratory
Digestive
Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous
Heart
Respiratory
Digestive
Stomach
Muscles
move
bones
Muscular
Skeletal
Nervous
Ribs protect
the lungs
Spinal
Cord
Complete each blank with an example of how each system works with another.
Diagonally, give an example of an organ of each system.
TAKS Questions
TAKS Questions
Cells
• A cell is the smallest part of any living
thing.
• There are many parts of a cell.
• Each part of a cell completes a certain
function for the cell.
Plants vs. Animals
Some differences between Plant cells and Animal cells are:
• Plant cells have cell walls as their outermost layer
• Plant cells have chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll for
pigmentation and photosynthesis
• Plant cells have larger vacuoles (used for storage)
• Some Animal cells have flagellum connected to the cell
membrane which aids in movement of the cell
Parts of a Cell
• Cell Membrane - forms the outer boundary of
the cell and allows only certain materials to
move into or out of the cell
• Cytoplasm - a gel-like material inside the cell; it
contains water and nutrients for the cell
• Nucleus - directs the activity of a cell; it contains
chromosomes with the DNA
• Mitochondria - break down food and release
energy to the cell
• Vacuoles - are storage areas for the cell
Ecosystems
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Producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Decomposers
• Ecological Succession
Ecological Succession
•Succession – a series of predictable
changes that occur in a community over
time
•Primary Succession – changes that
occur in an area where no ecosystem
previously existed
•Secondary Succession – changes that
occur after an existing ecosystem has
been disturbed
Species and Adaptations
• Species – a group of similar organisms that can
mate and produce fertile offspring
• Adaptations – a genetic trait that helps an
organism survive and reproduce
• Evolution – a change in a species over time
• Natural Selection – a process by which
individuals better adapted to their environment
are more likely to survive and reproduce
Symbiosis
• Mutualism - both species benefit
• Commensalism - one species benefits,
the other is unaffected
• Parasitism - one species benefits, the
other is harmed
• Competition - neither species benefits
• Neutralism - both species are unaffected
Predator - Prey
• A predator is carnivorous. This means that it lives by
eating other animals, which are known as it's prey.
The term predator usually refers to animals that catch
and kill. Most predators are larger that their prey; they
have special adaptations to help them find and catch
their food. These include good vision, a keen sense of
smell, or strong legs for rapid movement.
• Prey also have special adaptations to help them
survive the attack of their predators.
• Camouflage helps them blend in with their
environment and hide, sharp senses warn them of
attack, and speed allows them to escape.
Food Webs & Food Chains
• Food chains and webs show how food and energy are
passed between species.
• Pay attention to the direction of the arrows.
• Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers,
Decomposers
• Predator/Prey
Genetics
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Gregor Mendel is known as the father of genetics. He used pea plants to
study how traits are passed from one generation to the next.
Dominant Allele= A trait that prevents the showing of other traits. It is a
gene that is fully expressed when two different alleles are present.
Recessive Allele= A trait that is hidden by a dominant trait. It is a gene that
is not expressed when paired with a dominant allele.
Incomplete Dominance= Neither trait is dominant or recessive.
Phenotype= How your features look.
Genotype= What your chromosomes say your features are.
Heterozygous= Having two different alleles for a trait.
Homozygous= Having two of the same alleles for a trait.
Punnett Square
• Monohybrid crosses look at one set of alleles.
Homozygous Dominant
crosses with
Heterozygous
Homozygous Recessive
crosses with
Heterozygous
TT xTt
tt xTt
T
T
T
T
t
t
t
t
Remember Me?
• Photosynthesis – carbon dioxide, water,
and energy from sunlight produce food
and oxygen in plants. The food is _____
by the plant and the _____ is released.
Chemical reaction is:
Remember me too?
• Respiration – a process in organisms that
uses the oxygen they breathe to release
energy from glucose.
and
water are also produced. It mostly occurs
in the mitochondria of cells.