Transcript sdhsjdhs - Manskopf

Chapter 5:
How Ecosystems Work
Mr. Manskopf
Notes Can Also Be Found at
http://www.manskopf.com
Chapter 5: Big Ideas
► The
flow of energy, cycling of materials, and
ecological succession combine to affect how
an ecosystem works.
► Organisms need energy to survive. Some
organisms can convert directly from the sun,
others get their energy indirectly from the
sun.
► The cycling of materials such as carbon,
nitrogen, water and phosphorous keep
nutrients balanced in an ecosystem.
Section 1: Energy Flow In
Ecosystems
► Describe
how energy is transferred from the
sun to producers and then consumers
► Explain what a food chain and food web are
► Explain why an energy pyramid is a
representation of trophic levels
► Terms:
photosynthesis, producer, consumer,
decomposer, cellular respiration, food chain,
food web, trophic levels
What makes an ecosystem like this “work?”
Life Depends On The Sun
• Average
Star
• 93 million
miles away
• Nuclear
Fusion
• No Sun,
No Life
Life Depends on the Sun
ALL
organisms
need a
constant
supply of
energy or
they die
Why do
plants
grow
upwards?
Life Depends on the Sun
► The
Mmmm, solar
energy tastes
good!
ultimate source
of almost all energy
for organisms is the
SUN.
► What did you eat?
(Nuclear Powered?)
► Only some deep sea
creatures do not get
energy from sun
Life Depends on the Sun
►Photosynthesis:
plants use the
suns energy,
water and CO2,
to make energy.
►Base of ALL food
chains
Almost all
organisms depend
either directly or
indirectly on
photosynthesis
From Producer to Consumer
► Producer:
an
organism that makes
it own food
► Plants
► Autotrophs, selffeeders
► Use sunlight
► Base of all food
chains
From Producer to Consumer
► Consumer:
gets it
energy by eating
producers or other
consumers
► Heterotrophs
► Indirectly solar
powered
Types of Consumers
► Herbivore:
eats only producers (vegetarian)
► Cows, sheep, deer, grasshopper, mice, rabbits
Types of Consumers
► Carnivore:
eats
other consumers
► Lion, hawks,
snakes, alligator,
whales
Types of Consumers
► Omnivore:
eats
both producers and
consumers
► Bears, pigs,
raccoons and most
humans
Types of Consumers
► Decomposer:
breaks down dead
decaying organisms
► Critical to
ecosystem health
► Returns nutrients
► Fungus, bacteria
How do Organisms Use Energy
Most organisms spend large
amounts of time/energy in
search of food and a mate.
How do Organisms Use Energy
► Cellular
Respiration:
processes of
breaking down food
to yield energy
► Gives energy to
walk, read, grow,
think, run, fight
diseases
► Excess stored as fat
Glucose (sugar) + Oxygen
REACTANTS
yields
carbon dioxide, water and energy
PRODUCTS
Energy Transfer
Each time one
organism eats another,
energy is transferred
Ecosystems are all
about energy flowing
from one organism to
another
Energy Transfer
► Who
are the
producers?
► Consumers?
► Herbivores?
► Carnivores?
► Omnivores?
► Decomposers?
► Where does the
energy start?
Energy Transfer
► Food
Chain:
sequence in which
energy is
transferred from
one organism to
another
► Starts with
producers
Energy Flow
► Food
Web:
shows many
feeding
relationships
that are possible
in a ecosystem
► More complex
and realistic
Energy Flow
► Trophic
Level: each
step which energy
is transferred
Energy Pyramid
Energy Flow
► Why
are there fewer
organisms at the top?
(Why fewer bears than
the fruit they feed on)
► Why aren’t there more
than 4-5 trophic levels
in a energy pyramid?
Energy Flow
► At
each trophic level
about 90% of
energy is lost
► Cellular respiration
► Lost to heat body
and carry out living
Energy Flow
► Why
are there fewer
organisms at the top?
(Why fewer bears than
the fruit they feed on)
► Why aren’t there more
than 4-5 trophic levels
in a energy pyramid?
Section 1 Review
► Describe
how energy is transferred from the
sun to producers and then consumers
► Explain what a food chain and food web are
► Explain why an energy pyramid is a
representation of trophic levels
► Terms:
photosynthesis, producer, consumer,
decomposer, cellular respiration, food chain,
food web, trophic levels
Section 2: Cycling Matter
► Explain
how matter is cycle in the carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorous cycles.
► Identify ways that humans are impacting
the carbon cycle.
► Explain how excess use of fertilizer can lead
to impacts for the nitrogen and
phosphorous cycles.
► Terms:
carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle,
nitrogen-fixation, phosphorous cycle
The Cycling of Material
Just like water –
water cycle – other
nutrients also move
throughout the earth
Biogeochemical
cycles
•CARBON
•NITROGEN
•PHOSPHOROUS
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle: process by which carbon is
cycled between the atmosphere, land, water
and organisms
Carbon Cycle
► Carbon
“duct-tape” of
life
► Carbohydrates in
cellular respiration
► Fossil Fuels (coal, oil,
natural gas) made
from ancient dead
decayed organisms…
ancient carbon
• Burning Fossil Fuels leads to what
problems?
•Burn anything that was/is living and what
product do you get?
Carbon Cycle
What is a product of cellular respiration?
What do you breathe out?
Carbon can move quickly or very slowly
through cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle: process by which nitrogen is
cycled through the atmosphere, bacteria and
other organisms.
Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen
► Needed by all
organisms for build
cells (proteins)
► 78% of atmosphere
(unusable by most
organisms)
► Decomposers break
down animal waste
releasing nitrogen to
soil
Nitrogen Cycle
► Nitrogen
Fixation:
bacteria that are
able to take
nitrogen in air and
make it useful as
plant fertilizer
► On roots of plants
► Critical to life
Phosphorous Cycle
Phosphorous Cycle: the movement of
phosphorous from the environment to organisms
and back.
Phosphorous Cycle
Phosphorous:
► Teeth and bones
► Nutrient for plant
growth
► Found in rocks and
soil
► Animal wastes
contain phosphorous
Too Much Nitrogen and/or
Phosphorous
► Fertilizers
put on
plants contain both
nitrogen and
phosphorous
► Too much fertilizer
runs off into water
► Causes Algae
blooms
Algae blooms like this caused by excess
nitrogen and phosphorous can kill fish
and create “dead zones”
Section 2 Review
► Explain
how matter is cycle in the carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorous cycles.
► Identify ways that humans are impacting
the carbon cycle.
► Explain how excess use of fertilizer can lead
to impacts for the nitrogen and
phosphorous cycles.
► Terms:
carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle,
nitrogen-fixation, phosphorous cycle
Section 3 How Ecosystems Change
► Describe
the types of ecological succession
► Explain what pioneer species are
► Terms:
ecological succession, primary
succession, secondary succession, pioneer
species
Ecological Succession
► Ecosystems
constantly are
changing (some
fast some slowly)
► Young Forests
vs. Old Forest
► Quick change like
fire, or volcanic
eruption
Ecological Succession
► Ecological
Succession: the
gradual change and
replacement of
some or all species
in a community
► Neighborhood
changes over time
Ecological Succession
► Primary
Succession:
occurs on a surface
where no
ecosystem existed
before (FIRST)
► Rocks, sand dunes
► Uncommon!
Ecological Succession
► Secondary
Succession: occurs on
a surface where an
ecosystem has
previously existed
► More common
► Land Disturbed by
humans, other
animals
► Flood, fire, volcano
Secondary ecological succession after a fire on the left
Fires are a
natural part
of many
forest
ecosystems
Ecological Succession
► Pioneer
Species:
first organisms to
colonize a newly
available land
► Lichens, bacteria,
small plants often
pioneers
Pioneer
species in a
parking lot
crack
Ecological Succession
Climax Community: final stable community.
•
Continues to change in small ways, but fairly stable if
undisturbed
Section 3 Review
► Describe
the types of ecological succession
► Explain what pioneer species are
► Terms:
ecological succession, primary
succession, secondary succession, pioneer
species
Chapter 5 Review
► The
flow of energy, cycling of materials, and
ecological succession combine to affect how
an ecosystem works.
► Organisms need energy to survive. Some
organisms can convert directly from the sun,
others get their energy indirectly from the
sun.
► The cycling of materials such as carbon,
nitrogen, water and phosphorous keep
nutrients balanced in an ecosystem.
Chapter 5
Review
Questions
1. How is energy transferred from one organism to another?
2. What role to producers play? Consumers? Decomposers?
3. What is the difference between a herbivore and an omnivore?
4. Give an example of energy flow in a food chain.