Transcript Document
Chapter 3 Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work? The Earth’s Life-Support Systems Atmosphere Biosphere Vegetation and animals Soil Crust Rock Atmosphere Hydrosphere core Lithosphere geosphere Biosphere Mantle Crust Crust (soil and rock) Biosphere (Living and dead organisms) Hydrosphere (water) Lithosphere (crust, top of upper mantle) Atmosphere (air) Fig. 3-6 Species=A group of sexually reproducing organisms. Set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring. Genetic diversity Ecological and Species Diversity Habitat? Some Levels of Organization of 3-3 Matter in Nature Population, community, ecosystem? Science Focus: Have You Thanked the Insects Today? • Many plant species depend on insects for pollination. • Insect can control other pest insects by eating them Figure 3-1 Ecosystem Boundaries: Ecotones Land zone Transition zone Number of species Species in land zone Species in aquatic zone Species in transition zone only Aquatic zone • Go to chp. 7 rainforest animation The Biotic Components of Ecosystems Producers (autotrophs) Heat Photosynthesis Consumers (heterotrophs) Aerobic respiration Decomposers Abiotic chemicals (carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, minerals) Heat Solar energy Heat Decomposers (bacteria, fungus) Heat Producers (plants) Consumers (herbivores, Carnivores,omnivores) Heat Fig. 3.12 Producers: Basic Source of All Food • Most producers capture sunlight to produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis: Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration: Getting Energy for Survival • Organisms break down carbohydrates and other organic compounds in their cells to obtain the energy they need. • This is usually done through aerobic respiration. – The opposite of photosynthesis Connections: Food Chains and Energy Flow in Ecosystems Ecological efficiency=10% Loss? Fig. 3-13 Humans Blue whale Food web Sperm whale Killer whale Elephant seal Crabeater seal Leopard seal Emperor penguin Adélie penguins Petrel Squid Fish Carnivorous plankton Herbivorous zooplankton Krill Phytoplankton Fig 3-14 Sun Respiration Gross primary production Growth and reproduction Energy lost and unavailable to consumers Net primary production (energy available to consumers) • What are nature’s three most productive and three least productive systems? Figure 3-16 Principles of Ecological Factors Abiotic factors Law of tolerance Limiting factors Biotic factors Lower limit of tolerance Few organisms Abundance of organisms Few organisms No organisms Population size No organisms Upper limit of tolerance Zone of Zone of intolerance physiological stress Low Optimum range Temperature Zone of Zone of physiological stress intolerance High Fig. 3-10 Solar radiation Greenhouse Effect-natural Energy in = Energy out Reflected by atmosphere (34% ) Radiated by atmosphere as heat (66%) UV radiation Absorbed by ozone Visible Light Absorbed by the earth Lower Stratosphere (ozone layer) Troposphere Greenhouse effect Heat Heat radiated by the earth Fig. 3-8, Hydrologic (Water) Cycle Clearing vegetation Use large amounts of water Fig. 3-17 The Carbon Cycle (Terrestrial) Atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide) volcanic action Terrestrial rocks weathering photosynthesis aerobic respiration Land food webs combustion of wood (for clearing land; or for fuel sedimentation producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores Soil water (dissolved carbon) leaching runoff Interactivity- #11 Global warmingcarbon dioxide death, burial, compaction over geologic time Peat, fossil fuels Fig. 3-18 The Carbon Cycle (Aquatic) diffusion between atmosphere and ocean combustion of fossil fuels Carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean water photosynthesis aerobic respiration Marine food webs producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores incorporation death, into sediments sedimentation uplifting over geologic time Marine sediments, including formations with fossil fuels sedimentation Fig. 3.18 The Sulfur Cycle Acid Rain: Makes plants and animals vulnerable to drought and pests. Coal and industry sources 3-22 Biomes-Large ecological regions with characteristic types of natural vegetation and distinctive animals. Most important factor influence: climate • • • • • • • • Desert Tundra Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tropical Rainforest Mid-latitude Grasslands Tropical Savanna Grasslands Chaparrel or Mediterranean Sclerophyllous Woodland Information on biomes • Chapter 7 has maps( shows you where your biomes are located Fig 7-8 and discusses biomes. • The web- Search for pictures and more information • Goodwill magazines- Redondo and Anaheim • Poster board one per group and other supplies- Target or bookstore. Scissors, glue, markers, poster board. • Worth 25 points. –15 points poster, 10 points notes on other biomes Extra credit available The Earth’s Major Biomes 7-8 Broad-winged hawk Hairy Woodpecker Gray Squirrel White oak White-tailed deer Metallic wood-boring beetle and Larvae White-footed mouse Mountain Winterberry Shagbark hickory Fungi May beetle Long-tailed weasel Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Racer Wood frog Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Chp. 7 Evelyn Hutchinson • The Earth’s thin film of living matter is sustained by grand scale cycles of energy and chemical elements • End chapter 3