Transcript Document

Ecology
Grade 10
Science
1.5 Ecology pg 22
The study of ECOLOGY focuses on the following:
a) examining ORGANISMS within their natural setting
b) how organisms interact with their environment
c) how factors in the environment affect an organism’s
growth, feeding habits and reproduction
Nonliving factors that can affect an organism are called ABIOTIC FACTORS, such as
Amount of sunlight
Temperature changes
Strength and direction of wind
Living factors, like the roles and presence of other living organism that can affect
an individual are called BIOTIC FACTORS, such as:
predators
prey
competitors for food and reproduction
Organisms do not live in isolation. Organisms will:
-
group themselves with others of their own kind forming a POPULATION
-
populations of different organisms will interact and form a COMMUNITY
- communities of different organisms will also interact with all the biotic and
abiotic factors in an area creating an ECOSYSTEM.
Ecosystems rarely have sharp boundaries and organisms can move back and forth
between ecosystems. The area between ecosystems is called an ECOTONE. This is the
area where the greatest BIODIVERSITY can be found. (See figure 2 pg 22)
Assignment :
1) Read pg 22-23
2) Do Blackline Master 1.5
3) On the back of BLM 1.5 do a Venn Diagram of “figure 2”
pg 22 in your text
-pond ecosystem
-field ecosystem
-shore ecotone
list all organisms that may be found in each of the
above, in the appropriate place,
on the venn diagram
4) Activity 1 Mini Ponds
3.1 Canadian Biomes pg 88
Do the Activity 2: Biome Map, Activity 3: Biomes Brochure,
Activity 4: Climatographs
Ecosystems can be grouped into larger categories called BIOMES. A
biome is a collection of ecosystems that are similar or related to each
other, usually in the type of plants they support. Canada has 4 major
biomes.
1) the tundra
2) the boreal forest
3) the temperate deciduous forest
4) the grasslands
Use the following table for the question sheet at the end of the
activity 4
Tundra
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Boreal or Taiga
Grasslands
Tundra
Boreal
Deciduous
Grassland
Abiotic Factors
Temperature
Weather
Soil Type
Precipitation
very low most of
the year
warmer than
tundra
higher
temperatures
than boreal
higher
temperatures
than boreal
short growing
season
changeable
longer growing
season than
boreal
longer growing
season than
boreal
Permafrost layer
beneath soil ,
poor quality
Some water and
acidic
fertile
Rich and fertile
low
40 cm /year or
more
Up to 100 cm/
year
25-75 cm/year
Biotic factors
(communities)
Tundra
Boreal
Deciduous
Grassland
Coniferous trees
(evergreens)
Deciduous trees
(oak, maple,
poplar), shrubs
and ferns
Fescue grasses
Plant life*
Rapid flowering
plants, lichens
and moss
caribou
seed eating birds
squirrels
grasshoppers
ptarmigan
squirrels
insects
bison
lemmings
snowshoe hares
mice
mice
arctic fox
deer
deer
snakes
wolverines
pine martens and
wolves
black bear,
weasels, wolves
hawks, wolves
Animal life
Assignment:
1)
Read pgs 88-92
2)
Do Understanding Concepts pg 93
1-5,7,8,10a
1.2 Canada’s Endangered Species pg 14
In Canada there are more than 250 species of plants and animals at various
degrees of risk.
Classification System for At –Risk Species
Classification
EXTINCT
ENDANGERED
Description
Example
A species that is no longer
anywhere
Blue walleye
Passenger Pigeon
A species that is close to
extinction in all parts of
Canada
Eastern Cougar
Whooping Crane
Pitcher’s Thistle
Eastern Mountain
Avens(flower)
EXTIRPATED
Any species that no longer
exists in one part of
Canada, but can be found
in other parts
Grizzly Bear
THREATENED
Any species that is likely
to become endangered if
factors that make it
vulnerable are not
reversed
Any species that is at risk
of low or declining
numbers at the fringe of
its range or in some
restricted area
Wood Bison
Fowler’s Toad
VULNERABLE
Grey Fox
Wolverine
Pacific Giant Salamander
Arctic Cod
Assignment:
1)
Read page 14 and 15
2)
Understanding Concepts 1 and 2 pg 15
Activity 5 Are Zebra Mussels Really Invading
Activity 6 Wolf Relocation and Video
Activity 7 Endangered Species
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/2415_wolves.html
Video : Wolves and Buffalo
1.10 Energy in Ecosystems pg 32
The source of all energy for ecosystems is the SUN. The Sun:
- provides light
- warmth
- gives energy needed to evaporate water
- provides energy for plants to make their own food (photosynthesis)
Of the energy radiating from the Sun
- 30% is reflected by cloud’s and the earth’s surface
The reflection of the Sun’s energy off of a surface is called the ALBEDO
EFFECT. The more reflective a surface is, the higher the albedo of that surface.
- 70% warms the earth causing water to evaporate and generating the water
cycle and weather
- 0.023% is used for photosynthesis
PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the process green plants use to convert sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen
Assignment :
1) Read pgs 32 –33
2) Do Understanding Concepts page 33
1.11 Following Energy Movements In Ecosystems
Energy is passed through the TROPHIC levels of an ecosystem. Trophic
means “feeder”.
Third trophic level
*SECONDARY
CONSUMERS
Wolves, hawks, owls
Second trophic level
*PRIMARY CONSUMERS
Mice, deer , rabbits
First trophic level
PRODUCERS or
AUTOTROPHS
Plants , algae, bacteria
Consumers are also referred to as* HETEROTROPHS, or organisms that cannot make
their own food.
Every organism in an ecosystem provides energy for other organisms.
FOOD CHAINS provide a step by step sequence of who eats whom in an
ecosystem.
Ex. Plants  Rabbits  Wolves (CARNIVORE)
When several food chains are connected a feeding relationship a FOOD
WEB is created. (figure 3 pg 35).
The most stable ecosystems, those with the greatest
BIODIVERSITY
, have such complex and well developed food webs that the removal of
even one food chain does not have a great negative affect on the other food
chains in the web.
There is a limit on the energy transfer within a food chain. Only about
10% of the available energy in a lower trophic level is transferred to the
next trophic level.
10%
10%
Plants  Rabbits  Wolves
The other 90% is used within the original trophic level for reproduction,
living,growing and lost as heat.
Another limitation on the energy transfer between trophic levels are
the LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
1) First Law – energy can be changed from one form to another, it
cannot be created or destroyed
2) Second Law – during energy changes some of the energy is lost
in the form of heat and therefore cannot be passed on
Energy transfers in ecosystems can be graphed
1) PYRAMID OF ENERGY- represent energy flow through the food
chain or web. Measured in kilojoules or calories
2) PYRAMID OF NUMBERS –represent the number of organisms at
each trophic level of a food chain
3) PYRAMID OF BIOMASS – the dry mass (water removed) of all
the organisms at each trophic level. Measured in kilograms
Assignment
Activity 8 Food Web
Activity 9 Ecological Pyramids
Do Understanding Concepts pg 39
Test # 1
Sections 1.5, 3.1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.4, 1.10, 1.11
Notes – Pay attention to the capitalized words
Activities 1-9
2.1 Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems pg 50
Matter can be found in 2 forms:
ORGANIC – matter that is or once was alive, containing
carbon, hydrogen and often oxygen and nitrogen. These substances
can be broken down and reformed in an ecosystem(recycled).
INORGANIC – matter that was never alive and does contain
carbon or hydrogen in its chemical makeup.
DECOMPOSERS play a large role
in the recycling of organic material.
When bacteria feeds on dead organic
material decay takes place. These
decomposers breakdown the organic
material into small molecules that
pass into the soil and water and
become available for use by other
organisms.
Assignment
1) Read pg 50
2) Do Understanding Concepts pg 51
2.2 Case Study “Pesticides” pg 52
Read the section on pesticides in your notes
Using your text pages 52-57 and complete the
assignment
Assignment
Answer questions a-s pg 52 – 57 in your text
2.5 The Carbon Cycle Pg 62
Carbon is the key element for living things. Carbon can be
found in:
1) The atmosphere (CO2)
2) Dissolved in the ocean (Carbonates, CO32-)
3) Plants (sugar, C6H12O6)
4) Animals (protein)
5) Soil and rocks (Carbonates, CO32-)
As carbon moves through the ecosystem it is changed from
one form to another in a process called the CARBON
CYCLE.
In Plants : PHOTOSYNTHESIS
sunlight
CO2 + H2O

C6H12O6 + O2
In Animals : RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + O2

CO2 + H2O
RESERVOIRS OF CARBON are places where carbon is
stored for a certain amount of time
1) Oceans – much of the earths’s carbon is stored as dissolved CO2
and Carbonates
2) Soil – some is found in the soil as carbonates
3) Atmosphere – Much of the earth’s carbon is found here in the form
of CO2
4) Plants and animals – protein in the structures of the cells
5) Fossil Fuels – Decayed plant and animal material subjected to heat
and pressure (Oil)
Assignment
Read Pg62-64
Do Understanding Concepts pg 65
Activity 10: Play the Carbon Cycle game
Fill out the BLM on the Carbon Cycle
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/climate/carbon_cycle.htm
Carbon Cycle Video
Carbon Cycle Video 2
2.6 The Nitrogen Cycle pg 66
Life depends on the cycling of nitrogen. NITROGEN is:
1) used by cells to make protein in plants and animals
2) used to make DNA in plant and animal cells
3) used as fertilizer to make plants grow
Nitrogen Cycle Video
Nitrogen Fixation Video
Nitrogen Cycle Video 2
The atmosphere is 78% nitrogen , all of which is unusable by plants and animals
Nitrogen is changed into nitrates by nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil through a
chemical process known as nitrification.
Those nitrates can be used by plants as fertilizers to grow or they can be turned back
into atmospheric nitrogen by other bacteria known as denitrifying bacteria.
The nitrogen in the plants is consumed by animals or bacteria when they die and decay
The animals excrete waste and the ammonia in the waste is changed by nitrogen fixing
bacteria into nitrates which can then be recycled to the atmosphere or back into the
plants
This is the NITROGEN CYCLE
Assignment
1) Read pg 66 and 67
2) Do Understanding Concepts 1-5 pg 69
3) Activity 11 :Play the Nitrogen Cycle Game
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/teacher_resources/teach_nitrogen.html
After playing the N2 Cycle Game answer the following questions:
1. Name the N2 reservoirs you made it to, including where you started.
2. Name the N2 reservoirs you did not make it too.
3. Name the reservoirs that you made it to more than once and how many
times.
4. Use a diagram to describe your N2 cycle journey, include the reservoirs
and the processes involved.
2.9 Monitoring Changes in Populations pg 74
Human population growth remained relatively constant for thousands of years. In the last 3 centuries
human population has exploded. (see figure 1 pg 74)
Factors that affect population sizes
NATALITY ( births)
The number of offspring born each year
MORTALITY(deaths)
The number of individuals of a species that die
in one year
IMMIGRATION
The number of individuals of a species moving
into an existing population
EMMIGRATION
The number of individuals of a species moving
out of an existing population
In most OPEN POPULATIONS all 4 of the above factors will influence
the population size of a species
In a CLOSED POPULATION immigration and emigration do not occur
POPULATION HISTOGRAMS are used to study populations of long lived
organisms.
Double histograms allow you to compare population growth by
sex (male and female) see figure 3 pg 75
Assignment
read pg 74 and 75
Do Understanding Concepts pg 76
Do the Try This Activity “ Making a Histogram” pg 76
Internet: Kaibab Population Problem
Activity 13 : Human Population Growth
2.10 Limits on Populations pg 77
Mice populations can change drastically in 6 months. 20 mice can become
5120 mice. Why don’t we see billions of mice when we look out the
window? The reason is that, there are limitations on all populations
including mice.
Limiting Factors on Populations
BIRTH POTENTIAL
CAPACITY FOR SURVIVAL
PROCREATION
LENGTH OF REPRODUCTIVE LIFE
The maximum number of offspring per birth.
Whooping cranes lay only 2 eggs per year and
only one survives
The number of offspring that reach reproductive
age. The female sea turtle lays many eggs, but
only a few of her offspring even reach the sea
and fewer still reach maturity
The number of times that a species reproduces
each year. Elk mate only once per year in the fall
The age of sexual maturity and the number of
years the individual can reproduce. African
elephants reach sexual maturity at about 15 years
of age, but may reproduce until they are 90
Other Limiting Factors on Population Size
Factors that cause a
population to increase
Abiotic
Biotic
Factors that cause a
population to decrease
-Favourable light
-Favourable temperature
-Favourable chemical
environment
-Too much or too little light
-Too cold or too warm
-Unfavourable chemical
environment
-Sufficient food
-Low number or low
effectiveness of predators
-Few or weak diseases and
parasites
-Ability to compete for
resources
-Insufficient food
-High number or high
effectiveness of predators
-Many or strong diseases and
parasites
-Inability to successfully
compete for resources
A community is stable when none of the populations exceeds the
carrying capacity of the ecosystem. The CARRYING CAPACITY is
the maximum number of individuals that can be supported
indefinitely by an ecosystem. The populations are also controlled by 2
laws:
1) LAW OF MIMIMUM – the food source in least supply is the one
that limits the populations growth
2) LAW OF TOLERANCE – too much or too little of a resource
can also limit a population. Organisms can only survivor tolerate a
certain range of an abiotic factor.
Some factors that control population can be dependent on the size or density of the
population
DENISTY – INDEPENDENT FACTORS
DENSITY – DEPENDENT FACTORS
Flood
Food shortage
Fire
Competition for mates or breeding area
(HABITAT)
Spraying with pesticides
Diseases caused by parasites
Change in climate or temperature
Introduction of an EXOTIC SPECIES
Destruction of habitat
Increased predation
Drought
Competition for water and other resources
Assignment
Read pg 77-79
Do Understanding Concepts pg 80
Activity 14 Predator Prey Simulation
Activity 15 Population Ecology Lab
Activity 16 Environmental Action Simulation
Activity 17 Ecology Issues Project
Test # 2
Sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.9, 2.10