Transcript Sample Slides - Woodland Park Zoo

Arthropods:
Insects and their relatives
Arthropods: Insects and their relatives
• Characteristics of the phylum Arthropoda
• Five major classes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Crustacea
Arachnida
Chilopoda
Diplopoda
Insecta
Anatomy and development
Arthropod diversity
Roles in ecosystems and benefits for humans
Bugs rule!
Characheristics of the phylum Arthropoda
1. Exoskeleton
2. Jointed appendages
3. Segmented body parts
not an arthropod
arthropod
Arthropod Anatomy
Head
• antennae
• mouthparts
• eyes: compound or simple
Thorax or cephalothorax
• legs and/or wings
Abdomen
• houses majority of
reproductive, circulatory,
respiratory, and digestive
systems
• ovipositor (females)
• spinnerets (spiders)
Five major classes of arthropods
1) Arachnida
• four pairs of legs
• one or two body regions
(cephalothorax and abdomen)
• no wings or antennae
• most live on land; some in freshwater
• 35,000+ species
Examples: spiders, harvestmen, scorpions, mites, ticks
Spiders of the Puget Sound Region
The following are a few of the spiders that can be observed in the Puget Sound
region. Some are yard and garden species, while others are “house” species.
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Flower (a.k.a. Goldenrod) Crab Spider (Misumena vatia)
Cross Orbweaver (Araneus diadematus)
Longbodied Cellar Spider (Pholcus phalangioides)
False Black Widow (Steatoda grossa)
Domestic or Lesser House Spider (Tegenaria domestica)
Giant House Spider (Tegenaria gigantea)
Yellow Sac Spider (Cheiracanthium mildei)
Hobo Spider (Tegenaria agrestis)
Western Black Widow (Latrodectus hesperus)
 commonly noticed
 medically significant
Resources for more information:
WA Department of Health – Venomous Spiders
http://www.doh.wa.gov/CommunityandEnvironment/Pests/Spiders.aspx
The Spider Myths Site – The Burke Museum
http://www.burkemuseum.org/spidermyth/index.html
Five major classes of arthropods
2) Crustacea
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five or more pairs of legs
two body regions
two pairs of antennae
lack wings
breathe with gills
most are marine; some in freshwater; a few terrestrial
35,000+ species
Examples: crabs, crayfish, barnacles, sowbugs, shrimp, lobsters
Five major classes of arthropods
3) Diplopoda
• multi-segmented bodies
• two pairs of legs on most
segments
• one pair of antennae
• lack wings
• terrestrial
• 8,000+ species
Millipedes
Five major classes of arthropods
4) Chilopoda
• flattened, multi-segmented
bodies
• one pair of legs on most
segments
• one pair of antennae
• lack wings
• terrestrial
• 5,000+ species
Centipedes
Five major classes of arthropods
5) Insecta
• three pairs of legs
• three body regions
• one pair of antennae
• one or two pairs of wings (sometimes absent)
• mostly terrestrial and freshwater, a few marine
• 1 million+ species currently identified
Examples: flies, beetles, walkingsticks, bees, ants, cockroaches,
ladybugs, crickets, butterflies
Arthropod Taxonomy
Honey bee
Cyanide-producing millipede
Kingdom: Animalia
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Class: Diplopoda
Order: Hymenoptera Order: Polydesmida
Family: Vestodesmidae
Family: Apidea
Genus: Apis
Genus: Harpaphe
Species: mellifera
Species: haydeniana
Arthropod Development
• Complete
metamorphosis:
1. egg
2. larva
3. pupa
4. adult
• Incomplete
metamorphosis:
1. egg
2. nymph
(instars)
3. adult
Arthropod Diversity and Abundance
• Over one million insect species
identified to date. Estimated that 30
million insect species may exist.
• Approximately three-fourths of all
animal species that exist today are
insects. Nearly 90% are arthropods.
• An estimated 10% of the world’s
biomass is ants and another 10% is
termites
Arthropod Diversity and Abundance
Arthropod diversity is a function of:
• Small size = infinitely more niches available
• Advantages of exoskeleton - prevents water loss, provides
protection, allows for muscle attachment, and forms legs
and wings for locomotion
• Wings - disperse to new habitats, avoid unsuitable
conditions or predators, forage over greater distance
• Larval and adult stages occupy different niches
• Mouthparts - different structures to feed on different
resources
Roles of Arthropods in Ecosystems: Benefits for Humans
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Decomposition
Pollination and seed dispersal
Abundant food resource for many other animals
Prey on other arthropod species - control populations
(biological control)
• Products - honey, cochineal (red dye), shellac, silk,
arthropods as food
Roles of Arthropods in Ecosystems: Fun Facts
• Dung beetles bury approximately 1/2 ton of dung
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per acre each year on the savannas of West
Africa
A single honeybee may visit 1,000 blossoms
each day. An estimated 250,000 wild flowering
plant species depend on animal pollinators, most
of which are insects.
An average hummingbird may eat 10-15 insects
per day.
An adult dragonfly can eat up to 300 insects per
day, mainly mosquitoes
Bugs Rule! Threats to humans
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Damage to agriculture, forest resources
Damage to structures, products
Disease vectors (humans, domestic animals)
Injury (painful or poisonous bites)
Only 1% of all known insect species have a
negative effect on humans
Cultural Entomology: Insects in human culture
Scarab (dung) beetles in Egyptian culture:
• scarab rolling a dung ball invokes the
movement of sun across sky =
“buried” at night and rises from the
earth in the morning
• scarabs bury dung balls (equated
with eggs); larvae pupate and new
adults emerge
• pupa were inspiration for mummies if the sun and beetles can be buried
and then resurrected, why not
people?
Appreciation and Conservation
“Conservation of wildlife, especially invertebrates, will
necessitate a far greater understanding of why we
react with hostile and negative feelings toward
various creatures, particularly insects and
spiders…
Appreciation and Conservation
…more than 90% of the planet’s currently estimated
30 million animal species are invertebrates, mainly
arthropods. Despite the possible catastrophic
extinction of invertebrate species, the general
public and most policymakers appear unaware of
how such a loss may affect human well-being.”
Dr. Steve Kellert,
Yale University,
School of Forestry
and Environmental
Studies
Woodland Park Zoo
2001 / Revised 2013
All photos by
K. Remine/M. White
All WPZ photos property of Woodland Park Zoo.
All rights reserved.
www.zoo.org
All photos by K. Remine/M. White, Woodland Park Zoo
Slide 2: flower beetle (WPZ)
Slide 3: banana slug and millipede (temperate forest, WA)
Slide 4: thatch ants (temperate forest, WA), New Guinea walkingstick (WPZ)
Slide 5: (l to r) - emperor scorpion (WPZ), mite (WPZ), Chilean rose tarantula
(WPZ), Christmas spider (temperate forest, Australia)
Slide 7: sowbug (WPZ), barnacles (beach, south Puget Sound), crab (beach,
southwest Australia)
Slide 8: giant millipede (WPZ), millipede (temperate forest, WA)
Slide 9: giant centipede (WPZ)
Slide 10: syrphid fly (WPZ grounds), tiger beetle (Japan), crane fly (WPZ
grounds), butterflies (WPZ), Peruvian firestick (WPZ)
Slide 11: honeybees (WPZ) and millipede (temperate forest, WA)
Slide 13: spider (beach, southwest Australia), carabid beetle (temperate
forest, WA), goliath walking stick (Healesville Sanctuary,
Australia), velvet mite (temperate forest, WA), ant and aphids
(shrub steppe, eastern WA), former graphic from “Bug” World
(WPZ)
All photos by K. Remine/M. White, Woodland Park Zoo
Slide 14: flower beetle (WPZ), giant water bug (WPZ), tiger beetle
(Japan), darkling beetle (shrub steppe, eastern WA)
Slide 15: millipede (temperate forest, WA), bumblebee (temperate
forest, WA), leaf-rolling spider (temperate forest,
southeastern Australia), ladybug (WPZ grounds)
Slide 17: beetle larvae tunnels (temperate forest, WA), giant
centipede (WPZ), dampwood termite (WPZ)
Slide 18: dung beetle (Melbourne Zoo grounds, Australia), mealworm
pupa (WPZ)
Slide 19: Bug Club members, WPZ
Slide 20: dragonfly art by former Bug Club member, WPZ
www.zoo.org