Transcript Q. What are energy and matter transformation mechanisms?

Q. What are energy and matter
transformation mechanisms?
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What is the basic structure of
energy flow in an ecosystem?
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What limit the length of food
chains?
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All lifes on the earth depend on
the transfers of energy and
matters.
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Does this dictum apply to
human?
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Information transfer
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What is the information
transfer in organisms?
What are the information
transfers in human?
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Dynamic of life and
environment

There were 3 phases of lifes in
relation to the environment and
time scale.
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Phase 1: Chemical evolution
(~4.6 billion years)
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Part 1 Formation of the Earth and
its early crust and atmosphere
Part 2 Evolution of the non-living
biological molecules necessary
for life-DNA, RNA, proteins and
carbohydrates
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Part 3 Evolution of systems of
chemical reactions needed for
linking these biopolymers in ways
to produce the first living cells.
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Phase 2: Biological evolution
(~3.6-3.8 billion years)
- Development of diverse
species through genetics
modification and natural
selection of the Earth primitive
cells and the organisms that
followed.
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Phase 3: Diversification of life
forms (~600 million years)
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What is the future?
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Q. Why does the Earth is the
suitable place for the origin
and evolution of life?
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A.
1. Life, as the form on the Earth,
cannot survive without water.
2. Distance and movement of the Earth
around the sun is the optimal:
2.1 if too close, water will be in
the vapor form, e.g. Mercury
2.2 if too far, water will be in the
ice form, e.g. Mar
3. Movement around its exist, make
temperature on both sides of the earth
uniform.
4. With the appropriate size, gravity
can maintain the atmosphere which are
suitable for life.
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Q. What is the basic problem
facing life of the Earth?
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Q. What are the impacts?
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A. 1. Organismic level
2. Population level
3. Community-ecosystem
level
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Does life posses regulatory
characteristics?
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What are control
mechanisms?
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1. Feedback control
1.1 Negative feedback
control
1.2 Positive feedback
control
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2. Congeneric homotaxis or
redundancy in functional
components
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Does the Earth posses
control mechanism?
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Conclusion
1. The Earth’s atmosphere did not just
develop by chance.
2. Organisms from the very beginning
played the major role in development
and control of geochemical
environment favorable to themselves.
3. The Earth is not just a ‘habitat’ for
organisms, but the Earth seems to be
a ‘biosystem’.
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Gaia Hypothesis
(Lovelock, 1979)
“Organisms, especially microorganisms,
have evolved with the physical
environment to provide an intricate
control system that keep Earth’s
conditions favorable for life”
Problem
1. It is unlikely to be proved or
disproved.
2. If there is a control mechanism,
it must be highly complex.
Ex: Bacteria species ~3,000 species
Probable relationships=(n)(n-1)/2
=3000*2999/2
=4,498,500
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3. If more species involve, the
relationships will be exponential.
4. Even with impressive progress
in ecology, we still have limited
understanding of interactions
between the biotic components
and environment.
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5. Biotic diversity is highly
decreasing.
1 species/day - 1 species/hour
between 1970-2000, or 500,000600,000 species by 2000
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