Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - Nerve activates contraction

• Chapter 50 ~
An Introduction to Ecology
and the Biosphere
I am the Lorax.
I speak for the trees.
I speak for the trees,
for the trees have no tongues.
What is Ecology?

Ecology is the scientific study of the
interactions between organisms and their
environment.
Distribution and Abundance of organisms is
not homogenous
In Georgia, the legend says
That you must close your windows
At night to keep it out of the house.
The glass is tinged with green, even so...
From the poem, "Kudzu,"
by James Dickey
Distribution and Abundance of organisms is
determined by:
 Abiotic
factors: non-living chemical and
physical factors such as temperature, light,
water, and nutrients
 Biotic factors: the living components
Fig. 50.1
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
The swelling continued over the next
day until the whole left of my face
European Honeybee was a puffy
Africanized
honey
bee
red useless
mass.
I was
unable to open my eye properly again
for about two more days.
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
Food eaten by 1 locust
swarm = Food eaten
1000 people
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
2005
2006
Culex Pipiens – Mosquito: West Nile Virus Carrier?
Factors Affecting the Distribution of
Organisms
Species Dispersal, Biotic Factors, Abiotic
Factors, Behavior and Habitat Selection
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
-Introduced Species or Non-native species - newbies to an area
Abiotic factors: temp, light, wind, water (these 4 make up
climate), oxygen, salinity, pH, fire, moisture, rocks/soil…
Biotic factors: competition, predation, disease, …
Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms
-Species Dispersal - Can the species ‘get’ to a particular location?
-Habitat Selection - Even if the habitat is suitable, does the species
“select” it to breed/build nests…
-Behavior - Is the behavior of the species amenable to its spreading
in the chosen location?
-Abiotic Factors - Are the nonliving factors condusive?
-Biotic Factors - Are the living factors condusive?
-For each of the three examples: identify which of these made it easy
to colonize/immigrate and distribute in a new location
Tens Rule - Only 1 out of 10 introduced species make it!
Ecological time - (minutes, months,
years)
Evolutionary time - (decades,
centuries, millennia, and longer).
Levels of Organization in Ecological Study

Organismal ecology is concerned with
the behavioral, physiological, and
morphological
ways individuals
interact with the
environment. (chp 51)
 Population:
a population is a group of
individuals of the same species living in
a particular geographic area.
 Population Ecology - Chp 52
Community:
all the organisms that
inhabit a particular
area.
 Community Ecology chp 53
 Any ‘abiotic factors’ in a
community?
 No!

Fig. 50.2c
Ecosystem: all the abiotic factors +
entire community of species that exist
in a certain area.
 Biomes – major ecosystems of the world
 Terrestrial Biomes and Acquatic Biomes
Fig. 50.2d
Aquatic Biomes
-Marine Biome (3% salt; 75% of earth covered by this biome)
-Freshwater Biome (<1% salt)
Aquatic Biomes - Vertical Stratifiction based
on light - why is this important?
PHOTIC ZONE (light)
APHOTIC ZONE (no light)
BENTHIC ZONE - ooze (sediments
from top), benthos (organism communities), and
detritus (dead matter - food for benthos)
Aquatic Biomes
PHOTIC ZONE
Algae + cyanobacteria = Phytoplankton
Very Important - Make oxygen
Zooplankton - live on phytoplankton
Thermocline - area of rapid
change in temperature
APHOTIC ZONE
BENTHIC ZONE
Worms, Bacteria - Use oxygen which has
to come from surface; decomposers release nutrients back by breaking down
dead material
Thermocline - seen in summer (stratification=layers) ; prevents oxygen from
sinking to lower areas and nutrients (after decomposers break down dead
matter) from rising up to the surface
Turnover or mixing occurs in spring and fall due to changing
surface temperatures
Figure 50.15 Lake stratification and seasonal turnover - compare the temperature on
the top of the lake (0oc-ice) to lower layers (4oc). Look at the oxygen in the different
layers. What trend do you notice ? Why is the top layer at a lower temp? What
signiicance does it have to living organisms?
Figure 50.15 Lake stratification and seasonal turnover - What is happening in
spring? What is turnover and why is it important?
Figure 50.15 Lake stratification and seasonal turnover - What is happening in
summer? Is there any turnover - why/why not?
Figure 50.15 Lake stratification and seasonal turnover - You get it by now - what
does fall bring to the lake?
Aquatic
Intertidal - waves + tides; crabs, barnacles,algae
Oceanic - phytoplankton (floating), nekton (free
Biomes:
Freshwater
vs. Ocean
swimming
fish, tutles, mammals,..
Littoral - rooted aquatic plants
Limnetic - phytoplankton (floating)
Aquatic Biomes: Oceans/Neritic Zone
Coral reefs
Cnidarians-Animals!!
Symbiont -Dinoflagellate Algae- is expelled
when temperature rises and causes coral
bleaching! Reef ‘dies’ as a result.
Aquatic Biomes: Oceans/Abyssal zone
Abyssal Zone -Hydrothermal
Vents (Origin of Life Here??)
Tube-dwelling worms!!
+ chemoautotrophic
prokaryotes
(extremophiles)
Aquatic Biomes: Algal Blooms
Eutrophication
(addition of fertilizers)
causes algal blooms
Algae start reproducing
heavily due to increase
in nutrients (fertilizers)
or temperature
Algae eventually
die and sink to
bottom
Bacteria grow in large numbers
and reduce oxygen available to all
life forms in the water
Types Of Lakes

Oligotrophic Lake:
narrow and deep (more
stratification); has few
photosynthetic organisms,
nutrient poor, oxygen rich
deep waters
Cultural Eutrophication
(addition of fertilizer- runoff
from farms or wastes)
 Eutrophic
Lake:
wide and not very deep; has
a lot of photosynthetic
organisms, nutrient rich,
oxygen poor deep waters
Aquatic Biomes

Wetlands: area covered
with water; can filter
toxins/pollutants out of
water; has low oxygen
and high nutrient
content; humans have
destroyed them (90%)

Estuary: transition area
beween river and sea;
salinity varies; also very
productive; animals have
to adapt to variations in
salinity, currents-worms,
oyesters, crabs, fish
Terrestrial Biomes
(look up abiotic factors
and biotic factors that are the hallmarks of each
biome)
Terrestrial Biomes

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
Tropical Rain Forest
Vertical Stratification - plants
show intense competition for
light
High rainfall, warm temp
Highest animal diversity
Terrestrial Biomes

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Savanna
Tropical Grasslands
Long dry season, warm
Scattered trees
Fire - benefit is renewal
of grasses as grass seed
needs fire to
germinate/sprout
Grazing animals
Terrestrial Biomes

Desert
Hot and Dry
 Extremes in
temperature
between day and
night
 Plants like cacti
store water
(succulents),
reduced leaf area

Terrestrial Biomes

Chaparral
Hot summers and Wet
winters (California)
 Shrubs, small trees
 Fire

Terrestrial Biomes

Temperate Grasslands

Converted into
agricultural land
Dry winters, wet
summers
Fire


Terrestrial Biomes

Temperate Deciduous
Forests
Leaves are shed in
winter (hence
deciduous)
 Fall colors!

Terrestrial Biomes
 Coniferous
Forests
 Cone
bearing
trees like pine,
spruceevergreen
 Taiga
– Northern
Coniferous
Forests
Terrestrial Biomes
 Tundra
Permafrostpermanent ice on
ground, high winds
 Lichen, moss, small
shrubs, few trees
 Caribou, reindeer

Factors Affecting the Distribution of
Organisms
• The range of the American Beech can be predicted
under 2 climate-change scenarios.
Fig. 50.16
Ecology helps evaluate environmental
issues

DDT Activity
 Precautionary
principle
Fig. 50.3