Transcript Ecology

Ecology
•On the following slides,
the green sections are
the summary.
•Underline words =
vocabulary!
•Hyperlinks are in blue!
Background Image from National Geographic; Photograph by Stephen Toner/Getty Images
Find Someone Who…
2.
3.
4.
5.
Knows the difference between abiotic and biotic factors in an
ecosystem.
Knows the meaning of “autotroph” with an example.
Knows the meaning of “heterotroph” with an example.
Knows the difference between herbivore and carnivore with
examples.
Knows the difference between mutualism versus parasitism.
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGS/Shared/
StaticFiles/animals/images/1024/moose-closeup.jpg
1.
Who is Who?
Consumer vs Producer
Producer
Consumer
Who is Who?
Predator vs Prey
Prey
Predator
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/03/05/most-dramatic-predatorpre_n_447712.html#s65332&title=Leopard_Seal_Eats
Who is Who?
Autoroph vs Herbivore
Autotroph
Herbivore
http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/gecko-palm-frond/
Who is Who?
Carnivore
Herbivore
Carnivore, Herbivore vs Omnivore
Omnivore
• The ice and steam in Iceland’s landscape
(background slide) is an example of a specific
environment.
What is Ecology?
•Different parts of the world have
different in environments.
•In this unit, we will study the
interdependence and interactions
between organisms and their
environment; better known as ecology.
•Everything on Earth [air, water,
plants and animals] is connected.
Background Image from National Geographic; Photograph by Stephen Toner/Getty Images
Knowledge Check
What are the
abiotic versus
biotic factors in
the diagram? Turn
and talk to your
neighbor.
Abiotic vs Biotic Factors
• Abiotic Factors –
non-living things in
an environment; EX
soil, water, light,
temperature, wind
and space.
• Biotic Factors –
living things in an
environment; EX
plants & animals.
http://www.sciencebitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/06/biotic-abiotic.gif
What is symbiosis?
• Within a community of species, there are various interactions
that can exist. When two species interact closely together it
is called symbiosis (which means “living together”).
• In competition, two organisms compete for limited resources
[i.e. food, water, space].
– Two of the same species; EX males fighting during breeding
season.
– Two different species; EX plants competing for light or space.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/60912828@N00/5077
946302/">Roubicek</a> via <a
• In predation, one species is killed by another.
Symbiosis Cont.
• In mutualism, both
species benefit from
the relationship. The
butterfly and the
flower are helped.
• In commensalism,
one member benefits
and the other isn’t
helped nor harmed.
• In parasitism, one
organism harms
another.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://qarrtsiluni.files.wordpress.com/2007/12/asmyth4_dsc_9821symbiosis.jpg&imgrefurl=http://qarrtsiluni.com/2007/12/17/symbiosis/&h=426&w=640&sz=96&hl=en&start=
3&um=1&tbnid=4IZ__26Bk7ZjTM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsymbiosis%26um%3D1%
26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4ADBR_enUS272US272; Photograph by Anne Morrison Smyth
Find Someone Who…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Can name an autotroph
in the diagram to the
left.
Can name a heterotroph
in the diagram.
Can name a herbivore in
the diagram.
Can name a carnivore in
the diagram.
Can name an omnivore in
the diagram.
Knows if there is a
decomposer in the
diagram.
What is an autotroph?
• “Self feeding “ organisms
that capture energy from
sunlight are called autotrophs
(they automatically make
their food)
– EX plants, algae &
bacteria
• AKA producers.
• All other organisms somehow
depend on the producers
somehow.
http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
What is a heterotroph?
• “Feeding” organisms that have to eat are called
heterotrophs (AKA consumers).
• Types of consumers include:
– Herbivores – obtain energy by eating plants. (deer,
caterpillars)
– Carnivores – obtain energy by eating heterotrophs.
(snakes, tigers)
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/images/foodchain/fullchain.gif
Heterotrophs Cont.
• Omnivores – obtain energy by eating both plants
and animals (humans, bears)
• Saprobes:
– Detritvores – obtain energy by eating dead
organisms (vultures, buzzards)
– Decomposers – obtain energy by breaking down
organic matter (bacteria, fungi)
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/kidscorner/images/foodchain/fullchain.gif
Energy Flow
• Food chains show the pathway for the transfer of
energy. Arrows show the movement of energy (from
the grass, to the grasshopper)
– A producer always starts a food chain.
http://www.jenningsk12.net/WE/peimann/Science/FoodChains/food_chain.jpe
Energy Flow Cont.
• Food webs are the
interconnected
food chains in a
community.
– They usually
show more
detailed
relationships.
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_28/40_07.GIF
Knowledge Check
If the insects in the
ecosystem were
removed because of
insecticides, would it
be a problem for the
ravens? Would
other species be
affected too?
Turn and talk to
your neighbor.
https://www.msu.edu/course/isb/202/snapshot.afs/tsao/images/foodweb.jpg
How is this diagram different from the other diagrams of
organisms in the ecosystem? Why is it formatted in this
way? Turn and talk to your neighbor.
"Ecological Pyramid." Science Online. Facts On File,
Inc. Web. 9 July 2014.
Pyramid of Energy
• Energy pyramids show
how energy moves
through an ecosystem.
• Each level of the pyramid
represents a trophic level.
– Producers are always
at bottom (with the
most energy, most
biomass).
– Other organisms gain
only a portion of the
energy from the food
they eat – most is lost
as heat.
http://www.etap.org/demo/biology_files/lesson6/kep26.jpg
Pyramid of Energy Cont.
http://www.arcytech.org/java/population/images/pyramid1.gif
• 1st Trophic level – at
the bottom; producers,
closest to the sun,
most amount of energy
(100%)
• 2nd Trophic Level –
primary consumers,
herbivores (10% of the
energy)
• 3rd Trophic Level –
secondary consumers,
(1% of the energy)
• 4th Trophic Level –
tertiary consumers,
(0.1% of the energy)
Knowledge Check
Heat Loss Animation
In this example,
which consumers
have the least
amount of energy
available in the
system due to the
eat loss?
Turn and talk to your
neighbor.
http://files5.pdesas.org/070112214159147142055010099019241217008034040146/Download.a
shx?hash=2.2
The Biosphere
• Earth is divided into
different spheres the biosphere (“bio”
meaning life) includes
all living things; a
biological community
including life on land,
in water, and in air.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/LivingEarth/Images/living_earth.jpg
Recycling the Biosphere
• The nutrients of the
Earth are constantly
being recycled.
• There are specific
cycles necessary for
life on Earth to
exist:
– The Water Cycle
– The Carbon Cycle
– The Nitrogen
Cycle
– The Phosphorous
Cycle
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/earth-moon-gallery.html; Photograph courtesy NASA
Knowledge Check
Let us review the
components of the water
cycle on the diagram.
What does #3 represent?
#2?
#4?
Turn and talk to your
neighbor.
http://education.jlab.org/reading/img/water_cycle_01.gif
The Water Cycle
• The water cycle is defined as the movement of water
through different reservoirs on Earth in any phase
(solid, liquid, gas).
– #2 = Condensation
– #3 = Evaporation
– #4 = Precipitation
http://education.jlab.org/reading/img/water_cycle_01.gif
Water Cycle Cont.
• Evaporation – water changes from
liquid to gas
• Transpiration – water evaporates
from the leaves of plants
http://www.sawater.com.au/NR/rdonlyres/657AC917-D6E3-4E55-AAD1-38119A0ACBB4/0/diag_water_cycle.gif
• Condensation
– water in the
atmosphere
cools to form
clouds
• Precipitation –
water returns
to Earth’s
surface in the
form of rain,
snow, sleet, or
hail
The Carbon Cycle
• Carbon is an important
element found in living
tissues – the carbon
cycle is the movement of
carbon through the
Earth.
• You can find calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) in
your bones.
• Humans and other
animals breathe out
carbon dioxide (CO2).
• Plants need CO2 for
photosynthesis.
http://www.kidsgeo.com/images/carbon-cycle.gif
• Follow the arrows to show where the carbon goes
within the cycle.
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/54-17-CarbonCycle-L.gif
The Nitrogen Cycle
• The nitrogen
is another
important
element for
life; it is
found in the
proteins of
all organisms.
• The nitrogen cycle moves nitrogen
from the environment into organisms;
you can find nitrogen in water, soil,
and the atmosphere.
http://sbi.oregonstate.edu/about/images/cycle.gif
What is a limiting factor?
• The type of
environment in which a
particular species lives
is its habitat; or the
place where an
organism lives out its
life.
• A limiting factor is a
factor that limits the
number of organisms in
the habitat is; it can
abiotic or biotic.
Ecological Succession
• The natural changes that take place in a community
over time is called succession.
• Succession Animation
Virginia creeper
colonizing burned
forest in Sam
Houston National
Forest, on Little
Lake Creek Loop
Trail.
Richards, Texas,
May 4, 2008
Image
Succession Cont.
• Primary Succession – when the first [initial] organisms
pioneer species EX lichen, mosses colonize barren land
[EX glacier retreat, volcanic eruption].
http://www.sciencebitz.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/primary-success.jpg
Succession Cont.
• Secondary Succession – the changes in a community
after an event [EX forest fire].
http://m7science.wikispaces.com/file/view/Secondary_Succession.png/215427266/640x291/Secondary_Succession.png
Succession Cont.
• When the community of organisms becomes
stable, it is a climax community.
http://bot1320.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch10/Succession.jpg