Transcript EVALUATION OF SOIL AND VEGETATION IMPACTS FROM …

WORLD ECOTOURISM CONFERENCE 2010
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
A combination of natural resource
factors in a forest created attractions to
recreation activities to peoples (Hammit
and Cole, 1998).
 Hence, persistent physical activities in
the forest caused undesirable and
physical changes to the natural
resources of a forest (soil condition and
vegetation health).
 Most of the impacts were started from a
trail used to access the recreation area.

INTRODUCTION
Excessive trail-related impacts to
vegetation, soil, and wildlife or water quality
may affect the comfort and recreational
experience of visitors.
 In order to mitigate the problem of impacts
on the natural resources along the trails,
related management actions need to be
taken immediately including monitoring the
areas systematically and continuously and
focus on the impacted areas to avoid the
occurrence of an adverse situation.


To quantify the physical changes on soil
and composition of plant species.

To compares the changes those occur
between parts of lowland and types of
physical changes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS




Ulu Bendul Recreational
Forest, Negeri Sembilan
› Compartments 45
and 52 in Angsi Forest
Reserved Negeri
Sembilan
Total area : 6.47 ha
Height : 825 meters a.s.l
Forest type :
› Lowland Dipterocarp
Forest
02° 42´ 67´´ N latitude 102° 03´ 93´´ E longitude
MATERIALS AND METHODS


DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY
COMPARISON OF USED AND UNUSED
SITES
Research Design

Estimates and measurements are taken on sites to
access current resource conditions (Rochefort and
Swinney, 2000)
› Physical changes to soil : measurements on
expansion of trail width, soil compaction, and
presence of gullies.
› Plant composition : identification and estimation
of type of plant species.
Research Design
DESCRIPTIVE SURVEY

Systematic Observation
› hiking trails in lowland part of Gunung Angsi
were divided into 3 sub-parts ;
 lower sub-part (<100 m)
 middle sub-part (100 – 200 m)
 upper sub-part (200 – 300 m)
Three impacted plots
were built at
each sub-parts
› The observation and measurement were
conducted on every Saturday started at 8.30
a.m in three consecutive weeks in the month
of February 2008
Research Design

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Measurements were taken on recreation sites
(impacted plot) and nearby undisturbed site which
is a control plot (Hall and Kuss, 1989).
Control plots were built at each sub-part with three
replications of impacted plots (beside the trail).
The plant species that present in control plot were
compared to the impacted plot in order to
determine whether there are appearance of
exotics species and type of species survived.
Simple random sampling
 identify the plant composition by selecting
plant species in control plot randomly
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Physical changes on soil
› Measurement taken for physical changes
and equipments used in these procedures
PHYSICAL CHANGES
EQUIPMENTS USED
Expansion of trail width
Measuring tape (20 m)
Deepness of gullies
Ruler/ Measuring tape
Soil compaction
Pocket Penetrometer
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Descriptive Analysis
› to get frequencies, maximum and minimum
value, mean, and standard deviation to
evaluate the physical changes on soil surface

Correlation Analysis
› to seek for a relationship between an expansion
of trail with presence of gully and soil
compaction.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
› to test the significant difference of all sub-parts
of lowland part of Gunung Angsi with all types of
physical changes on soil.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
UPPER
MIDDLE
LOWER
F
P-Value
Expansion
of trail width
1.003a
0.904ab
2.167c
10.713
0.000
Presence of
gullies
0.00a
7.89ab
41.89c
48.520
0.000
Soil
compaction
3.378b
2.311a
2.900ab
5.848
0.009
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
SOIL COMPACTION
There were no changes occur on value of
soil compaction within three weeks in plot 2
in upper sub-part and plot 3 in middle subpart of lowland.
 The most compacted soil is in plot 3 in the
upper sub-part with 4.2 g/cm2 followed by
plot 1 in lower sub-part with 4.0 g/cm2.
 However, soil in plot 2 in middle sub-part
was the most uncompacted area with only
2.2 g/cm2 of compaction.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
EXPANSION OF TRAIL WIDTH
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The highest total increment of trail expansion within
3 weeks are plot 1 in upper sub-part and plot 2 in
middle sub-part with 0.7 meters.
There are no enlargement of trail width occurred in
plot 1 in middle sub-part within 3 weeks.
From field observation, there are two different
paths in plot 3 in the lower sub-part. It has been
divided by several shrub and there is a big rock has
blocked one of the path. This situation leads to the
creation of another trail. After being used
continuously, it resulted in expanding trail width
reached almost 4.0 meters length.
PLOT 3 LOWER SUB-PART
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
PRESENCE OF GULLY

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Gullies presentations were absent in plot 1 and plot 3 in
middle sub-part and upper sub-part of lowland of
Gunung Angsi.
There were gullies presentations in all plots in lower subpart.
› The deepest gully was in plot 2 in lower sub-part with 60 cm
depth.
The highest increment of deepness of gully within 3
weeks is at plot 2 in lower sub-part with 10 cm.
 In connecting with the appearance of gully erosion,
trail expansion usually takes place.

› It is a natural tendency of users to walk along the trail edge
rather than trail tread to avoid gully erosion.
PLOT 2 LOWER SUB-PART
PLOT 2 MIDDLE SUB-PART
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
wide
gullies
compaction
wide
Pearson Correlation
1
.593**
-.052
Sig. (2-tailed)
.
.001
.797
N
27
27
27
gullies
Pearson Correlation
.593**
1
-.184
Sig. (2-tailed)
.001
.
.358
N
27
27
27
compaction Pearson Correlation
-.052
-.184
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.797
.358
.
N
27
27
27
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
UPPER
SUB-PART
PLANT
MIDDLE
SUB-PART
LOWER
SUB-PART
C P1 P2 P3
C
P1 P2 P3
C
Agrostistachys longifolia
√
√
√
√
√
Alstonia angustiloba
√
√
Dyera constulata
√
√
Lithocarpus wallichianus
√
√
√
√
√
Neolamarckia cadamba
√
Knema sp
√
√
√
√
Tacca spp.
√
Oxyspora bullata
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
Donax grandis
√
Callamus spp
√
P1: Plot 1
√
√
Aporusa benthamiana
C: Control Plot
P1 P2 P3
√
√
√
P2: Plot 2
√
√
P3: Plot 3
√
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
PLANT COMPOSITION

There were no species left in plot 3 in
lower sub-part
› Due to the trail expansion that damaged the
vegetation either by trampling or other
reactions by users (e.g: bend or shake the
plants).

Only one species survived in plot 3 in
upper sub-part
› This happen as a result of the high degree of
compaction (4.2 g/cm2)  a tough
condition for plant to survive.
Lower sub-part of lowland has changed
quite significantly that can be seen on the
presence of gullies and the expansion of
trail. Plot 3 in the lower sub-part of lowland
has experienced soil degradation including
declination of plant composition.
 The upper sub-part of lowland is the most
compacted area and this lead to the poor
establishment of plant where there are
about six out of ten species left in impacted
plots.
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Cole, D.N. (1989). Low-impact recreational practices of wilderness and backcountry
(General Technical Report INT-265). Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Hammit, W.E, & Cole, D.N. (1998). Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management (2nd
ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Koo, W.K. (2006). Visitors Perceptions on Recreational Use Impacts on Soil and
Vegetation in Ulu Bendul Recreational Park, Negeri Sembilan. Degree Thesis. Universiti
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Leung, Y. F., & Marion, J. L. (2000). Recreation Impacts and Management in Wilderness:
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(Comps.), Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference- Volume 5: Wilderness
Ecosystems, Threats, and Management (Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL5)(pp.23-48).
Ogden, UT:USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
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Alternative Assessment Techniques. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration,
Volume 19(3), pp.17-37.
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National Park: Past, Present, and Future. In D.N. Cole, S.F. McCool, W.T. Borrie & J.
O’Loughlin (Comps.), Wilderness Science in a Time of Change Conference- Volume 5:
Wilderness Ecosystems, Threats, and Management (Proceedings RMRS-P-15VOL5)(pp.165-171). Ogden, UT:USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
The authors would like to thank Mr.
Jumaat, Mr. Hairi, Mr. Nizam and Mrs,
Nurfaizah for assist us on field work.
Thanks to Forest Department of Negeri
Sembilan for giving the permission to
accomplish this study in Ulu Bendul
Recreational Forest Negeri Sembilan.