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Environment Ecology
Huang
He
Phone: 18972127775
QQ:105367750
E-mail: [email protected]
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Course information
Textbook:
The economy of nature，6 th ed，Robert E. Ricklefs，
2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company；
General Ecology, 2th ed., David T. Krohne.
Thomson Learning, Inc. ISBN 0-534-37528-6;
Ecology : Concepts and Applications ，4th ed
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ;
Ecology :From Individuals to Ecosystems, 4th ed
published 2006, Blackwell Publishing;
《环境生态学导论》,盛连喜 主编.高等教育出版社, 2005
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2015/7/17
College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
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Huang He
Course Description
 Credit Hours (Credit points): 2 credit hours
 Catalog Description: Fundamental ecological principles（原理）with
special reference to levels of organization, population（种群） and
community properties, structural adaptation, functional adjustments,
and other factors affecting the distribution of organisms.
 Course Objectives: This course is designed to present an introduction
to current theories and practices in ecology. Students are introduced
1) to the various questions (in a broad sense) asked by ecologists,
2) to the ideas (theories, models) from which hypotheses are
suggested to answer the questions, and
3) to the ways in which ecologists go about gathering data to refute
or support the proposed hypotheses.
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Attendance
 Required for both lecture and seminar
 1 point for each absence (lecture)
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Grading policy
 The overall grade for the course will be based on the
standard Yangtze University point-to-grade scale.
 The distribution of points is:
Exams: 50%
Paper: 30%
Presentation: 10%
Attendance: 10%
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 Homework, Exam, Paper and summary
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Outline of the course
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Lecture 1 Introduction
Lecture 2: Adaptation to Physical Environment: Water and Nutrients
Lecture 3: Population Growth and Regulation
Lecture 4: Species Interaction
Lecture 5: The Distribution and Spatial Structure of Populations
Lecture 6: Competition
Lecture 7: Dynamics of Consumer-Resource Interactions
Lecture 8: Community Structure
Lecture 9: Diversity
Lecture 10: Ecological Succession and Community Development
Lecture 11: Ecosystem Ecology (Energy in the Ecosystem)
Lecture 12: Pathways of Elements in Ecosystems
Lecture 13: Nutrient Regeneration in Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems
Lecture14: Human Ecology (Global Climate Change)
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Lecture 1 Introduction
 0.1 What is ecology?
 0.2 Why do we need to study Ecology?
 0.3 How to study ecology?
 0.4 The nature of Ecology
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0.1 What is Ecology ?
 Ecology: ~ Greek word oikos (family household) (住所,栖息
地) +logy (study of) (学问，研究)
 The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and
their environments.
Ernst Haeckel, 1866
 The study of the relationships, distribution, and abundance of
organisms, or groups of organisms, in an environment.
S.I. Dodson, 1998
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0.1 What is Ecology ?
•Traditional
ecology:
•Organism、Population、Community、Ecosystem
•Modern ecology：
•Molecular、Individual、Population、Community、
Ecosystem、Landscape、Biosphere、earth system。
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Traditional Ecology
•Individual ecology——environment, adaptation
•Population ecology——abundance, population dynamics
•Community ecology——components, structure, ecological
processes
•Ecosystem ecology——food web, nutrient cycling, energy flow
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Formation and Development of Ecology
•1. The rudimentary stage （before 16th century ）
•2. The constructing stage （16th-19th century ）
•3. The consolidation stage（from the beginningof 20th
century to 1950s）
•4. The modern stage（from 1960s up to now）
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The modern ecology
（from 1960s up to now）
•(1) Level of research
• From Molecular to biosphere and earth system
•(2)Field of research
•From nature to human society
•(3)Method of research
•Molecular technique, “3S”technique
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Ecology - A Science for Today
 We have a great need for ecological understanding:
what are the best policies for managing our environmental
support systems
-- our watersheds（流域）, agricultural lands, wetlands?
 We must apply ecological principles（原理） to:
solve or prevent environmental problems inform our economic,
political, and social thought and practice
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What is Ecology NOT?
 Environmental Science (i.e., the study of man's effect on
natural systems)
 Environmentalism（环境保护论） (activism, aim to
improving the environment).
 Resource management
 Wildlife
 Fisheries
 Soil Resources
 Forestry
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0.2 Why study Ecology?
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Intellectual curiosity（好奇心）(explain phenomena)
Ecology has important impacts on everyone's daily lives
Ecosystem services and goods
Huge impact of humans on global ecosystems--ecology holds
key to predicting our future.
 to understand some of the natural laws that impose limitations
on the interaction of organisms (including humans) with their
living and nonliving environment.
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Global Environmental Issues
 Global Warming
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Deforestation（森林砍伐）
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0.3 How to study ecology?
How Scientists Work: Solving the Problems
 Much of scientists deal with solving problems
 These problems can be environmental, ecological,
health related, etc.
 No matter what types of problems are being studied,
scientists use the same problem-solving steps
called…
 The Scientific Method
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Scientific Method Definition
 The scientific method is A logical and systematic approach or process to problem
solving.
 An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural
world.
 According to Wikipedia - Scientific method is a body of
techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new
knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous
knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical
and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of
reasoning, the collection of data through observation and
experimentation, and the formulation and testing of
hypotheses.
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Scientific Method
1. Make observations.
2. Generate a question (s)
3. Generate a hypothesis (tentative试验性的, 试探的, 尝试的, 暂定的
answer)
- formulate a testable prediction
4. Design an experiment to test the prediction
5. Collect and Record Data
6. Analyze Data
7. Draw Conclusions
8. Accept or reject hypothesis. (Not “prove”)
9. Start again
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The Scientific Method
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For Example: Productivity（生产力） and nutrient (N) in prairie
（大草原, 牧场，(特指美国中西部的)大草原）grasslands（牧草地, 草
原）of North America
Observation and Hypothesis
Data collection, Test
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(observational, laboratory and field experiments, modeling)
Field experiment
experiments have some elements
in common:
Treatment Groups: nitrogen,
irrigation; number of species etc
Control Groups: no N applied
Randomization: randomly
assign a treatment to a plot（一
块土地）
Replication: several plots for
same treatment.
Cedar Creek LTER site, Uni. Of Minnesota (Fig. 1.3)
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Estimation and prediction
 Models:
 Abstract（抽象化）,
simplified （简化）
representations（表现形式）
of real systems.
 Conceptual model and
mathematical model
 Use mathematical model
to estimate and predict.
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 A conceptual model is a model made of the
composition of concepts, which are used to help
people know, understand, or simulate a subject the
model represents. Some models are physical objects;
for example, a toy model which may be assembled,
and may be made to work like the object it represents
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 A mathematical model is a description of a system using
mathematical concepts and language.
 The process of developing a mathematical model is termed
mathematical modeling.
 Mathematical models are used not only in the natural sciences
(such as physics, biology, earth science, meteorology) and
engineering disciplines (e.g. computer science, artificial
intelligence), but also in the social sciences (such as
economics, psychology, sociology and political science);
physicists, engineers, statisticians, operations research analysts
and economists use mathematical models most extensively. A
model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of
different components, and to make predictions about
behaviour.
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An example, Ecology of Forest Birds: Using field
study to test theory (what allows them to co-exist?)
Robert MacArthur: competition (1958)
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Douglass Morse (1980, 1989):
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Are there any limitations to science?
 Science is Self-Correcting
 Science is limited by the ability of the scientists to
collect and interpret data.
 New technology makes it possible for science to
correct misinterpreted data.
 Uncertainty is an inherent feature of science
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0.4 The nature of Ecology
1.1 Ecology is organized into a hierarchical(分等级的)
group of subdisciplines (branches)
1.2 Hierarchical Organization and emergent Properties
1.3 Ecology is especially interdisciplinary.
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1.1 Ecology is organized into a hierarchical
group of subdisciplines
Individuals
- living organisms, fundamental units of
populations and communities
Populations
- group of individuals of a species
Communities
- an assemblages of species populations
occurring together in space and time
Ecosystems
- a collection of two related components (biotic and
abiotic) that function as a unit.
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Ecosystem
 Consists of two basic interacting components:
 The living, or biotic
 The Physical, or abiotic
 An example
A forest ecosystem
Biotic: plants, animals, microbes that inhabit the forest
Abiotic: atmosphere, climate, soil, and water
Interaction: tree growths modify physical environment.
Birds foraging on insects reduce insects and species
abundance and composition.
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Each ecological
system
embodies
different
processes
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Ecology of individuals
Individual organism forms the basic unit in ecology. It
is the individual that responds to the environment.
Behavioral ecology is the study of how behavior of
individuals affects their ability to survive and reproduce.
Since a population is composed of individuals behavior
directly impacts population level phenomena, such as
population growth rate
Physiological Ecology (or Autecology个体生态学) is the
study of how physical factors, such at temperature,
moisture, and light, affect the survival and reproduction of
individual organisms
Evolution Ecology is the study of environment influence on
the evolution of organisms. Natural selection, evolution of
populations.
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Ecology of group of individuals
Population ecology is the study of how groups of individuals
(belonging to the same species) grow (or shrink) and reproduce.
Depending on the nature of the species, many factors (food
availability, competition, predation etc.) may affect population
growth.
Community ecology is the study of how populations from different
species interact to mutually affect each population's growth and
survival. Community structure and dynamics.
Landscape ecology – study spatial patterns and underlying
mechanisms (patches in landscape, fragmented landscape,
corridors).
Ecosystem ecology is the study of whole living systems, with focus
on the flow of energy and biomass in large scale living systems.
Conservation ecology, restoration ecology, and global
ecology.
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1.2 Hierarchical Organization and Emergent
Properties
 Emergent Properties:
 the set of phenomena that can be explained only by
looking at a particular hierarchical level
 e.g.: is the growth of an individual the same as that in a
group of many (population)?
The principle is a more formal statement of “the whole is
more (or less) than the sum of the parts”.
Scaling
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1.3 Ecology is especially interdisciplinary
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Question
•1.What’s the concept of ecology?
•2.What’s the contents of traditional ecology?
•3.What’s the difference between traditional ecology and
modern ecology?
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