Transcript ECOLOGY (Interdependence of Organisms)

PART 2 ECOLOGY
6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
(Interdependence of Organisms)
B-6: Demonstrate an understanding of the
interrelationship among organisms and the
biotic and abiotic components of their
environment.
Ch13;15.1 – Principles of Ecology
Ch14/Ch16 – Interactions in Ecosystems & Human Impact
Terms….
Species is a group of organisms that they can breed and
produce fertile offspring.
 Populations are organisms of the same species that live in
the same area.
 Communities are different populations that live together in
a defined area.
 ECOSYTEM is all the organisms that live in a
particular place (community), together with their
nonliving, environment.
◦ Within an ecosystem, need for energy is key to
interactions.
◦ All organisms need to obtain energy and convert it to ATP!
 Biome is a major regional or global community of organisms
made of similar ecosystems.
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BIOTIC – all the living factors
ABIOTIC– all the nonliving factors
(Biotic and Abiotic affect each other)
What is BIOTIC and ABIOTIC?
discover-peru.org
Lecture Questions:
B-6.3 Succession
What is succession?
 How does primary succession differ from
secondary succession?
 What is the purpose of a pioneer species?
 What is 1 example of a pioneer species?
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Ecological Succession
Succession is the sequence of biotic changes
that regenerate a damaged community or
create a new community
Primary Succession
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Previously uninhabited area  Begins with
bare rock (no life)
Occurs after / Triggered by:
◦ Melting glaciers, volcanic eruptions, strip mines
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Pioneer species (ex - moss, lichen):
◦ first organism to inhabit
◦ Purpose  Weathers rock into soil
Primary Succession
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Notice the change in the soil****
Volcano
Glacier
Primary – Begins w/ Rock
Secondary Succession
Re-establishment (re-growth) of damaged
ecosystem
 Occurs after / Triggered by:
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◦ Flood, Fire, Cutting the grass, Hurricane,
Abandoned Field,
Secondary – FIRE
Stage 2/3 – damage
 Stage 4 – Soil present and contains seeds
 Stage 5 – re-growth
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Secondary – Pond
Secondary – Regrowth (life present)
Lecture Questions: B-6.4,5
Geochemical Cycles & Maintaining Ecosystems
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What is transpiration?
What adds CO2 to the atmosphere?
What removes CO2 from the atmosphere?
What is the greenhouse effect?
What is the role of bacteria in the nitrogen
cycle?
Hydrologic (water) cycle
Circular pathway of water on earth from the
atmosphere, to surface, below ground, and back
 Involves organisms (plants, animals, etc) which are all
made of water
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◦ Plants use water for photosynthesis
◦ Water is produced by cell respiration
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CYCLE:
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Precipitation – water falling to earth
Storage – ground water, bodies of water, organisms
Evaporation & Transpiration (water vapor released by plants)
Cloud formation – water vapor condenses and starts all over
Hydrologic Cycle
Maintaining Water Quality
Hydrologic Cycle purifies water:
 Evaporated water is pure, containing no
impurities
 As water seeps through soil and rock it is
physically filtered by impurities
 As water flow slows, heavier particles of
sediment settle out... Leaving purified
water traveling toward oceans
Oxygen & Carbon Cycle
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Oxygen cycle
◦ Photosynthesis releases Oxygen into atmosphere
◦ Cell respiration removes Oxygen from atmosphere
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Carbon cycle
◦ Photosynthesis removes Carbon Dioxide from
atmosphere
◦ Cell respiration releases Carbon Dioxide into atmosphere
◦ Fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal) are deposits (reservoirs)
of carbon and release carbon during combustion (burning)
◦ Carbon is found in atmosphere as CO2 and dissolved in
ocean as HCO3 (absorbs what plants do not use)
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
CARBON
CYCLE
Maintain Atmosphere Quality
Plants help maintain the balance of CO2 and O2
 Oxygen produced by photosynthesis helps
maintain Ozone layer (protects earth from UVrays)
 Greenhouse Effect is the normal warming effect
when gases trap heat in the atmosphere
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◦ Maintains Earth’s temp range
◦ More CO2 in atmosphere  Increase in global temp
 Increase Photosynthesis  Decrease in CO2 in
atmosphere (continues)  decrease global temp
Nitrogen & Phosphorus Cycling
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Nitrogen cycle
◦ Nitrogen in atmosphere is converted into
ammonium by bacteria in soil (nitrogenfixation)
◦ Ammonium is used by plants to make
amino acids (used for important proteins)
◦ Animals eat plants, animal waste
(excretion) contains nitrogen
◦ Bacteria convert nitrogen back to gas
NITROGEN CYCLE
Generating Soils and Recycling Nutrients
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Soils are composed of minerals, organic
matter, water, and air.
◦ Plants allow the process of soil production to
be balanced with the process of soil erosion

Waste materials from organisms are
decomposed by bacteria in the soil
◦ Nutrients are cycled through geochemical
cycles between organisms and the environment
Population Growth Curves
Lecture Questions:
B-6.6 Human Activities
1. What is key to sustainability? What are 2
factors that effect sustainability?
2. What are 2 negative effects of burning fossil
fuels?
3. How are CFC’s harmful and where are they
found?
4. How have agricultural advances been good
and bad?
5. What are non-renewable resources?
6. What are renewable resources?
Sustainability
In order to meet the needs of humans to survive
indefinitely (sustainability), there needs to be a
BALANCE between…
 Earth’s resources and carrying capacity…
 Needs of humans and the needs of other species on
Earth.
Factors that affect the sustainability of humans include:
 Population Growth
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Technology
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Consumption of Resources
Videos
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Human Population http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc4HxPxNrZ0&sn
s=em
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iodJ0OOdgRg&feat
ure=g-vrec
Sustainablility http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5NiTN0chj0&sns
=em
Global Warming http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJAbATJCugs&sns
=em
Overfishing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxacxShp3LY&feat
ure=related
Technology Advances: Burning Fossil
Fuels
Increases sustainability of the growing human
population
 Increases the greenhouse gases released in the
atmosphere (mainly carbon dioxide), which
increases global temperatures (global warming) that
affect sea levels, climate and atmospheric
composition
Produces acid rain (pollutants in the air combining
with water to cause the normal water pH to be
lowered)
 Acid rain decreases the pH of the soil and can leach
nutrients from soils or destroy plant life.
 Acid rain changes the pH of aquatic ecosystems and
therefore affects the types of organisms that can
Technology Advances: CFC’s
Chlorofluorohydrocarbons contributes to the
depletion of the ozone layer
 Results in increased ultraviolet rays reaching
Earth.
CFCs are used in producing foam packing
materials, for cleaning electrical components,
and refrigeration chemicals (Freon).
 Currently banned in the US but still used in
other parts of the World.
Technology Advances: Agriculture
Improved the ability to grow crops to sustain a
growing world population.
 Sustainable agricultural practices can help
conserve fertile soil and reduce soil erosion.
 Farm machinery consumes nonrenewable
resources and can contribute to erosion and
air pollution.
 The addition of fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides,
& livestock waste to the environment can alter
the composition of soil and can have a positive
or negative effect on the water, carbon or
nitrogen cycles.
Sustainability and Energy
As the population increases and technology expands,
the demand for resources also increases.
 Nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels, cannot
be produced at the same rate they are consumed.
 Using natural renewable energy sources (such as
wind, water, geothermal, or solar energy) decreases
the burning of fossil fuels, which increases the quality
of the atmosphere and the cycles involved.
 Using nuclear energy technology provides an
alternative energy source that does not impact the
atmosphere. However, the waste produced from
nuclear energy use is becoming an increasing
concern.
Sustainable use of resources can be accomplished by
reducing consumption, reusing products, or recycling.
Human
Population
Endangered Species ACT 1973
Provides for the conservation of species that are
endangered or threatened throughout all or a significant
portion of their range, and the conservation of the
ecosystems on which they depend.
 A "species" is considered:
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◦ ENDANGERED if it is in danger of extinction throughout all or
a significant portion of its range.
◦ THREATENED if it is likely to become an endangered species
within the foreseeable future.
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NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS)share
responsibility for implementing the ESA. Generally, USFWS
manages land and freshwater species, while NMFS manages
marine and "anadromous" species. NMFS has jurisdiction
over 94 listed species.