Transcript AP Biology Review - Mrs. Willis' Science Courses at DMHS

AP Biology Semester 1 Review
Huu Le
Chapter 2 Vocab. #1
Isotopes
Chapter 2 Vocab. #1
Element w/diff. # of
neutrons than common
amount
Chapter 2 Vocab. #2
Energy levels
Chapter 2 Vocab. #2
Diff. states of potential
energy that electrons
contain in an atom, aka
electron shells
Chapter 2 Vocab. #3
Electronegativity
Chapter 2 Vocab. #3
Attraction of atom’s electrons
of a covalent bond - More
electronegativity = closer
electrons  “polar”
molecule
Chapter 2 Vocab. #4
Hydrogen bonds
Chapter 2 Vocab. #4
Hydrogen atom bonds to
electronegative atom,
attracted to another
electronegative atom
(water)
Chapter 2 Vocab. #5
Reactants
Chapter 2 Vocab. #5
Hydrogen bonds
Chapter 2 Vocab. #6
Product
Chapter 2 Vocab. #6
Result of reactants
combined (2 Hydrogen +
Oxygen = Water)
Chapter 2 Vocab. #7
Chemical equilibrium
Chapter 2 Vocab. #7
Products form and break
down at equal rate amount of the product
stable and constant
Chapter 3 Vocab. #8
Cohesion
Chapter 3 Vocab. #8
hydrogen bonds hold
substances together like
water
Chapter 3 Vocab. #9
Adhesion
Chapter 3 Vocab. #9
one substance clings onto
another (water clinging to
leaves)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #10
Specific heat
Chapter 3 Vocab. #10
Amount of heat 1 gram of a
substance needs to change
its temperature by 1C calculated in calories
Chapter 3 Vocab. #11
solution
Chapter 3 Vocab. #11
mixture of multiple
substances
Chapter 3 Vocab. #12
Solvent & solute
Chapter 3 Vocab. #12
substance that dissolves the
solute (gets dissolved)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #13
Acid
Chapter 3 Vocab. #13
substance that increases
the hydrogen ion
concentration of a
solution (H+)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #14
Base PH is the measurement to
indicate the acidity level of a
substance. The scale is from 0
to 14, with 0 being the
strongest acid, 14 being the
strongest base, and 7 being
water.
Chapter 3 Vocab. #14
Substance that has more
OH- (opposite of acid)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #15
pH
Chapter 3 Vocab. #15
measurement of acidity
level of a substance
0 (acid)  14 (base)
Chapter 3 Vocab. #16
Buffers
Chapter 3 Vocab. #16
Substances that lower the
amount of changes of H+
and OH- in a solution
Chapter 3 Vocab. #17
Acid deposition
Chapter 3 Vocab. #17
Rain w/ pH >= 5.6
occurs when there are
acidic gases in atmosphere
Chapter 4 Vocab. #18
Organic chemistry
Chapter 4 Vocab. #18
Branch of chemistry
specializes in compounds
w/ contain carbon
(essential to life)
Chapter 4 Vocab. #19
Hydrocarbons
Chapter 4 Vocab. #19
Compounds made only of
carbon and hydrogen
Chapter 4 Vocab. #20
Structural isomers
Chapter 4 Vocab. #20
Molecules w/ same
elements but diff.
arrangement of bonds
Chapter 4 Vocab. #21
Geometric isomers
Chapter 4 Vocab. #21
Molecules that differ in the
spatial arrangements of
covalent bonds
Chapter 4 Vocab. #22
Enantiomers
Chapter 4 Vocab. #22
molecules that are mirror
images of each other
Chapter 5 Vocab. #23
Dehydration Reaction
Chapter 5 Vocab. #23
monomers bond by losing
water molecules in process
Chapter 5 Vocab. #24
Hydrolysis
Chapter 5 Vocab. #24
Polymers break due to the
addition of water molecules
Chapter 5 Vocab. #25
Monosaccharides
Chapter 5 Vocab. #25
molecules that have a carbonhydrogen-oxygen ratio of
1:2:1
Chapter 5 Vocab. #26
Polysaccharides
Chapter 5 Vocab. #26
hundreds of monosaccharides
joined together by
dehydration reaction
Chapter 5 Vocab. #27
starch
Chapter 5 Vocab. #27
stored in plants in plastids to be
later used for energy molecular bonds are easy to
break
Chapter 5 Vocab. #28
Cellulose
Chapter 5 Vocab. #28
Structural polysaccharides used to build cell walls –
bonds are harder to break
Chapter 5 Vocab. #29
Phospholipids
Chapter 5 Vocab. #29
two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
+ 1 glycerol + phosphate
group
hydrophilic head and 2
hydrophobic tail
Chapter 5 Vocab. #30
Catalysts
Chapter 5 Vocab. #30
chemical agents that speed up
chemical reactions without
being consumed (enzymes)
Chapter 5 Vocab. #31
Amino Acids
Chapter 5 Vocab. #31
organic molecules w/carboxyl
& amino groups
make up proteins
20 natural amino acids
Chapter 5 Vocab. #32
Protein Structure
Chapter 5 Vocab. #32
Primary: amino acid sequence
 Secondary: chain of the
primary bound by hydrogen
bonds
Tertiary & Quarternary:
Complex Foldings/Shapings
Chapter 6 Vocab. #33
Ultracentrifuges
Chapter 6 Vocab. #33
machines that separate
organelles from each
other for separate studies
Chapter 6 Vocab. #34
Prokaryotes
Chapter 6 Vocab. #34
small, simple cells w/ very
little organelles other than
ribosomes and a cell wall
Chapter 6 Vocab. #35
Eukaryotes
Chapter 6 Vocab. #35
plant and animal cells
have many organelles
(nucleus, mitochondria)
Chapter 6 Vocab. #36
Dynein
Chapter 6 Vocab. #36
Protein used for movement
in cilia and flagella –
usually used inside
microtubules
Chapter 6 Vocab. #37
Intercellular Junctions
Chapter 6 Vocab. #37
Structures that prevent
fluids from leaking out
Chapter 7 Vocab. #38
Glycolipids/glycoproteins
Chapter 7 Vocab. #38
cell identifiers used by cells
to recognize each other
On surface of membranes
Chapter 7 Vocab. #39
Transport proteins
Chapter 7 Vocab. #39
proteins on the cell
membrane
used to move hydrophilic
molecules pass membrane
Chapter 7 Vocab. #40
Hypertonic
(Plasmolzyed)
Chapter 7 Vocab. #40
environment that has less
water than the cell
Chapter 7 Vocab. #41
Hypotonic
(Turgid)
Chapter 7 Vocab. #41
environment w/ more
water than cell cell
swelling
Normal in plants
Chapter 7 Vocab. #42
Isotonic
(Flaccid)
Chapter 7 Vocab. #42
environment w/ equal
amount of water as cell
Chapter 7 Vocab. #43
Electrochemical gradient
Chapter 7 Vocab. #43
Combo of concentration
gradient & electrical force
to diffuse ions
Chapter 11 Vocab. #44
G Protein Linked Receptor
Chapter 11 Vocab. #44
GDP protein binds to signal 
activated
G-protein binds to an enzyme
and turns inactive again,
while releasing a phosphate
group
Chapter 11 Vocab. #45
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Chapter 11 Vocab. #45
two monomers merge (when
binded to signal) become a
dimer
phosphate groups attach to
the tyrosine-kinase regions
(starts several reactions)
Chapter 11 Vocab. #46
cAMP
Chapter 11 Vocab. #46
nd
2
Cyclic adenosine messenger used in Gprotein-signaling pathways
Small & in large amounts 
diffuses through cell quickly
Chapter 12 Vocab. #47
Centrosome
Chapter 12 Vocab. #47
spindles of microtubules
that guide the organelles
to opposite ends of the
cell during cytokinesis
Chapter 12 Vocab. #48
Aster
Chapter 12 Vocab. #48
Short clump of
microtubules that serve as
extensions to centrosomes
Chapter 12 Vocab. #49
Kinetochore
Chapter 12 Vocab. #49
Group of proteins located
at the centromere of each
chromosome
Chapter 24 Vocab. #50
Allopatric speciation
Chapter 24 Vocab. #50
Species’ ecosystem is divided
into several parts separated populations
evolve independently of
each other
- Leads to 2 species
Chapter 24 Vocab. #51
Sympatric speciation
Chapter 24 Vocab. #51
speciation takes place (not
geographic isolation)
usually temporal isolation
and behavioral isolation
Chapter 24 Vocab. #52
Adaptive Radiation
Chapter 24 Vocab. #52
Population disperses to
other ecosystems - faces
dramatic changes due to
the environment
Chapter 24 Vocab. #53
Punctuated Equilibrium
Chapter 24 Vocab. #53
[Theory]
species undergo sudden
changes remain the same
over a long period of time
and face sudden changes
again
Chapter 25 Vocab. #54
Analogy
Chapter 25 Vocab. #54
[Theory]
convergent evolution
separate species have
similar traits but different
ancestors
Chapter 25 Vocab. #55
Homology
Chapter 25 Vocab. #55
[Theory]
species branch from a
single ancestor, hence
giving them similar traits
Chapter 25 Vocab. #56
Taxonomy
Chapter 25 Vocab. #56
classification of organisms
into categories
Kingdom  Phylum  Order
 Family  Genus 
Species
Chapter 25 Vocab. #57
Phylogenetic Trees
Chapter 25 Vocab. #57
Branching diagrams that show
the hierarchical classification
of species.
Branches only spread into two
at a time
Chapter 26 Vocab. #58
Protobionts
Chapter 26 Vocab. #58
Molecules surrounded by a
membrane structure
very primitive forms of life able to perform simple
reproduction and synthesis
Chapter 26 Vocab. #59
Stromatolites
Chapter 26 Vocab. #59
Rocks that have
sedimentary layers w/
bacteria – used to find out
when Earth = life
sustainable
Chapter 26 Vocab. #60
3 Domains
Chapter 26 Vocab. #60
[Taxonomy]
higher level than kingdom
The three domains are
Bacteria, Achaea, Eukarya
Chapter 50 Vocab. #61
Biosphere
Chapter 50 Vocab. #61
global ecosystem, consisting
of all of Earth’s ecosystems
focuses on how changes
affect all of Earth’s life as a
whole
Chapter 50 Vocab. #62
Thermocline
(Water Zones)
Chapter 50 Vocab. #62
rapid temp. change between
the warmer photic zone and
colder aphotic layer
caused by the amount of
thermal energy from the sun
Chapter 50 Vocab. #63
Ecotone
Chapter 50 Vocab. #63
area where biomes merge
into one another instead
of sudden biome changes
Chapter 51 Vocab. #64
Fixed action patterns
Chapter 51 Vocab. #64
Behaviors not taught by others –
usually unchangeable
Triggered by external stimulus
Can’t be stopped once triggered
Chapter 51 Vocab. #65
Taxis
Chapter 51 Vocab. #65
Oriented movement
towards a positive
stimulus or away from a
negative stimulus
Chapter 51 Vocab. #66
Classical conditioning
Chapter 51 Vocab. #66
Type of associative learning
where animals learn to
associate a stimulus w/
reward or punishment
Chapter 52 Vocab. #67
Allee effect
Chapter 52 Vocab. #67
idea that populations are
less likely to survive if
their population is too
small
Chapter 52 Vocab. #68
Ecological footprint
Chapter 52 Vocab. #68
how much land & resources
are used upon the people of
each nation compared with
the rest of the world
Chapter 52 Vocab. #69
Global Carrying Capacity
Chapter 52 Vocab. #69
concern that the
exponential growth of
human civilization will
eventually cause a crash
from overpopulation
Chapter 53 Vocab. #70
Resources partitioning
Chapter 53 Vocab. #70
Sharing of niches that enables
similar species to coexist
Organisms tend to live in diff.
locations of ecosystem, but
have same role
Chapter 53 Vocab. #71
Batesian mimicry
Chapter 53 Vocab. #71
harmless prey appears
harmful or poisonous
Mimics patterns of other
organisms
Chapter 53 Vocab. #72
Keystone species
Chapter 53 Vocab. #72
species w/ strong ecological
control on the community
through their niche –
more likely to disrupt
ecosystem if extinct
Chapter 54 Vocab. #73
Second law of
thermodynamics
Chapter 54 Vocab. #73
Energy conversions can’t be
efficient most energy is
turned into heat
Roughly 10% energy transfer
 Predators have to eat
more preu
Chapter 54 Vocab. #74
Eutrophication
Chapter 54 Vocab. #74
too much nutrients are added
into bodies of water
bacteria to dominate over
phytoplankton  cuts
oxygen supply to other
organisms
Chapter 54 Vocab. #75
Nitrogen Cycle
Chapter 54 Vocab. #75
Important Chemical Cycle in nature
Plants/Animals can only use
nitrogen in form of nitrate (NO3)
Only bacteria/lightning can convert
nitrogen gas/nitrite (NO2) to
nitrate