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Mammalian Macroecology in Latin America
Pablo A. Marquet
P. Universidad Católica de Chile
Departamento de Ecología
Casilla 114-D, Santiago Chile
[email protected]
GOALS
• Provide an overview of the kind of macroecological
patterns so far documented for mammals
EMPHASIS
•Mostly terrestrial, non-volant mammals
• South America, Latin America, Neotropics
Macroecology (a working definition)
• Macroecology is a research program that aims to
discover the general principles or natural laws underlying
the complexity of ecological systems. To some extent it
proposes a complementary view to the experimental
reductionistic approaches that have dominated
ecology, emphasizing, but not restricted to,
the analysis of large scale statistical patterns
in the distribution and abundance of species at the interface
several scientific disciplines, especially
physiology, ecology, biogeography, and evolution.
• Patterns
in abundance
• Patterns in distribution
• Patterns in body size
• Patterns in abundance
Table.1. Selected analysisi reporting the relationship between abundance and Body size in Norh and
South American mammals. T= tropical, fo=frugivore-ommnivores, Io= Insectivore-ommnivore,
my =Myrmecophagous.
Region
habitat
slope
intercept
SA & CA
---
-0.70
4.06
40 (0.64)
NA
---
-0.75
4.33
84 (0.66)
NEOTR. fo T
-0.60
3.13
38 (0.38)
NEOTR. Io T
-0.55
2.92
24 (0.40)
“
NEOTR. my T
-0.81
3.36
6 (0.75)
“
NEOTR.
-0.61
3.12
103 (0.45)
“
T
n
Source
Damuth (1987)
“
Damuth (1993)
• Patterns in abundance
•Abundance decreases with body mass
•Species at higher trophic levels tend to occur
at lower densities than primary consumers.
• Within the Americas mammalian species in
tropical areas tend to occur at lower densities than
extra-tropical species. This pattern have been shown
to hold for Africa, Australia and worldwide (Currie &
Fritz 1993, Fa & Purvis 1997, Johnson 1998).
• Patterns in distribution
• The number of species is not uniformly distributed
across South America. There is a consistent pattern of
an increase in species richness as we go from the poles to
tropical latitudes.
• This pattern hold at the species as well as at macrotaxonomic
levels (orders, families, and genera). (Willig and Sandlin 1989,
Willig and Selcer 19889, Ruggiero 1994, Kaufman 1995,
Willig and Gannon 1997, Kaufman and Willig 1998, Willig
and Lyons 1998, Lyons and Willig 1999)
•Patterns in distribution
• The relationship between richness and latitude is
nonlinear, with several groups of species such as
marsupials, edentates, carnivores, artiodactyls and
hystricognath rodents, reaching maximum
richness in subtropical areas. (e.g., Ruggiero 1994, Willig
and Gannon 1997).
• Latitude, but not area, is the best explanatory variable
of the patterns (e.g., Kaufman 1995, Kaufman and Willig
1998, Lyons and Willig 1999).
•Patterns in distribution
• The size of species’ geographic ranges vary with latitude.
• Geographic ranges tend to be smaller at tropical latitudes
(Rapoport’s rule) (Ropoport 1975, 1982; Anderson and
Koopman 1981, Stevens 1989)
• This patterns holds for some taxonomic groups (bats, primates
carnivora) but not for others (edentates, artiodactyls,
hystricognath rodents) (Ruggiero 1994)
• Restricted range specie cluster around coastal and Andean
areas (Ruggiero 1994, Ruggiero et al. 1998)
Biomes of South America
erg
S
l-W
Co
int
D
LF
cle
rF
Te
mB
ro
d
Ev
Endemic
W
ar
mD
/S
em
D
Total
Te
mG
ras
s
F
d
/W
oo
300
Te
mR
ain
ry
F
ys
t
nS
ed
M
ou
av
an
F
um
id
ras
s /S
Tr
oD
M
ix
Tr
oG
Tr
oH
Number of Species
Mammalian species in South American Biomes (Udvardy 1975)
Threatened
250
200
150
100
50
0
Mammalian species in South American Biomes (Udvardy 1975)
350
Not endemic
Endemic
Number of Species
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
F
oH
Tr
id
um
oG
Tr
n
va
a
/S
ss
ra
o
M
ed
x
i
M
S
un
t
ys
F
d
oD
Tr
F
ry
oo
/W
T
in
Ra
em
T
G
em
ss
ra
D
m
ar
W
D
em
/S
Biomes of South America
E
F
er
cl
S
rg
ve
LF
od
r
B
m
Te
l-W
Co
tD
in
ras
s /S
ry
F
Biomes
l-W
Co
int
D
LF
Te
mB
ro
d
erg
Sc
ler
F
Ev
W
ar
mD
/S
em
D
Te
mG
ras
s
F
/W
oo
d
Te
mR
ain
Tr
oD
ys
t
av
an
F
um
id
M
ix
ed
M
ou
nS
Tr
oG
Tr
oH
Number of Countries
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Number of species
3
2
1
0
4
5
6
7
Log Biome Area
Total
Endemic
Threatened
• Patterns in body size
• Body size distributions are highly modal and
right skewed
140
Number of Species
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
5
10
15
Log Body Mass (g)
20
SA
NA
• There is a strong historical signal apparent in the
shape of the distribution, which is related to the origin of
taxa (Marquet and Cofre 1999, Oikos).
140
Number of Species
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
5
10
15
Log Body Mass (g)
20
NAO
SAO
Mapping effort currently underway or already implemented in
Latin America.
Mexico
Conabio-Arita
CHILE
(Samaniego et al.)
Chilean biodiversity mapping
•0.5x0.5 degree grid
•Abiotic data incorporated
-NDVI & Elevation
-Pp & Tmp
-Habitat heterog.
: http://edcaac.usgs.gov
: http://ipcc-ddc.cru.uea.ac.uk
: Gajardo (1994).
Number of species
Latitudinal Patterns
Latitudinal patterns in Chilean tree, shrub, and vines species richness