Transcript Selecting Focal Species

Selecting Focal Species for a
Comprehensive Ecosystem
Umbrella
Existing Selection Approaches
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Vulnerable Species
Endemic Species
Flagship Species
Phylogenetically Distinct/Evolutionarily Important
EDGE
Taxonomic Groupings
Indicator Species
Umbrella Species
Keystone Species
Focal Species
Landscape Species
Selecting Landscape Species
5 criteria
area
for selecting
vulnerability
landscape species
socio-economic
significance
functionality
heterogeneity
Choosing a Focal Species Suite to Create a
Complete Conservation Umbrella
Goals:
• Conserve sufficient quantity and quality of all major habitat types to
support ecologically functional populations of all native species present in
the planning area.
• Implement mitigation strategies that effectively reduce the impact of all
activities that significantly threaten the persistence of any native species
to levels that insure a high likelihood of persistence for the next 100 years.
• Ensure the continuation of all natural ecosystem processes (either through
natural occurrence or simulation by prescription) that are necessary for
the long-term persistence of all native species within their natural range of
variability of abundance.
• Respect the importance of wildlife to local economies and culture, and
implementing strategies to maximize positive, and minimizes negative,
effects of wildlife on these economies while preserving cultural values.
Complete Conservation Requires Multiple Umbrellas
Habitat
Threats
Processes
Area
•Complete Communities
- all native species in natural abundance
•Complete Ecosystem Function
•Human Values
Hierarchy of Conservation Needs
Social Acceptance
Ecological Processes
Security
Habitat
Area
Public
values that
support
conservation
Allow or simulate
natural processes to
sustain natural habitat
heterogeneity
Security from direct and indirect threats
that threaten the survival or natural
abundance of individuals or populations
Availability of appropriate habitat types in sufficient
quantity and quality to support individuals and
populations
Sufficient area to support individuals and populations at
ecologically functional levels
Using Focal Species to Address Conservation Needs
Need
Area
Habitat
Security
Ecological Processes
Social Acceptance
Focal Species Attribute
Landscape Species
Select large area generalists to
protect sufficient area and
diversity of habitat types
Habitat Types
Make sure suite of focal species
covers all major habitat types in
the area
Threats
Make sure suite of focal species
covers all major threats that
impact wildlife populations in
the area
Ecological Processes and
Key Species
Include key species needed to
maintain natural community, and
species that depend on
ecological processes to sustain
ecologically functional
populations
Socio-economic Values
Identify values that compliment
or conflict with conservation
objectives
Preparation
• List of native species sorted by area
requirements
• List of major habitat types in planning area
• List of major threats in planning area
• List of important ecological processes
• List of key species
• List of important socio-economic values
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildfinder/
Candidate Species
American Badger
American Beaver
American Bison
American Black Bear
American Kestrel
American Marten
American Mink
American Pika
Big Brown Bat
Bighorn Sheep
Black-tailed Jackrabbit
Blue Grouse
Bobcat
Boreal Chorus Frog
Boreal Owl
Bull Snake
Bushy-tailed Woodrat
California Myotis
Canada Lynx
Cinereus Shrew
Columbian Ground Squirrel
Common Raven
Cooper's Hawk
Cougar
Coyote
Deer Mouse
Desert Cottontail
Dwarf Shrew
Elk
Ermine
Ferruginous Hawk
Fisher
Golden Eagle
Golden-mantled Ground
Squirrel
Gray Wolf
Great Basin Pocket Mouse
Great Gray Owl
Great Horned Owl
Grizzly Bear
Hispid Pocket Mouse
Hoary Bat
Least Chipmunk
Little Brown Bat
Long-billed Curlew
Long-eared Myotis
Long-eared Owl
Long-legged Myotis
Long-tailed Vole
Long-tailed Weasel
Meadow Vole
Merriam's Shrew
Montane Shrew
Montane Vole
Moose
Mountain Cottontail
Mule Deer
Muskrat
North American Porcupine
Northern Flying Squirrel
Northern Goshawk
Northern Grasshopper Mouse
Northern Harrier
Northern Pocket Gopher
Northern Pygmy-Owl
Northern Raccoon
Northern River Otter
Northern Saw-whet Owl
Northern ShrikeOrd's Kangaroo
Rat
Prairie Vole Preble's Shrew
Pronghorn
Red Fox
Red Squirrel
Red-tailed Chipmunk
Red-tailed Hawk
Richardson's Ground Squirrel
Rough-legged Hawk
Ruffed Grouse
Sage Grouse
Sagebrush Vole
Sharp-shinned Hawk
Short-eared Owl
Silver-haired Bat
Snowshoe Hare
Southern Red-backed Vole
Spotted Bat
Spruce Grouse
Striped Skunk
Swainson's Hawk
Tiger Salamander
Townsend's Big-eared Bat
Turkey Vulture
Uinta Chipmunk
Uinta Ground Squirrel
Vagrant Shrew
Water Shrew
Water Vole
Western Harvest Mouse
Western Heather Vole
Western Jumping Mouse
Western Rattlesnake
Western Screech-Owl
Western Toad
Western Small-footed
Myotis
White-footed Mouse
White-tailed Deer
White-tailed Jackrabbit
Wolverine
Wyoming Ground Squirrel
Wyoming Pocket Gopher
Yellow-bellied Marmot
Yellow-pine Chipmunk
Yuma Myotis
Major Habitat
Types
Major Threats
Key Species
Important
Ecological
Processes
Important SocioEconomic Values
Agriculture
Alpine
Meadow
Aspen
Foothill
Shrub/Xeric
Woodland
Lentic Water
Lotic Water
Mesic Shrub
Montane
Conifer
Native
Grassland
Non-Native
Grass
Recently Burnt
Forest
Riparian Forest
Riparian Shrub
Rock/Cliff/Talu
s
Shrub-steppe
Subalpine
Forest
Wetlands
(Marsh)
Dewatering
Exotic Disease
Farming
Fencing
Fire
Fire
Suppression
Fishing
Grazing
Harvest
(Hunting)
Homesite
Development
Invasive Aliens
Loss Of
Ecosystem
Integrity
Management/P
redator Control
Migratory
Sensitivity
Mineral Mining
Motorized
Recreation
Nonmotorized
Recreation
Nonnative
Introductions
Oil/Gas/Cbm
Pollution
Powerlines
Road
Chemical/Sedi
mentation
Roading
Timber Harvest
Vehicular
Traffic
Weed/Pest
Control
American
Beaver
American
Bison
Elk?
Gray Wolf
Periodic Fire
Grazing
Riparian
Flooding
Sport Hunting and
Fishing
Cattle Ranching and
Rural Lifestyle
Open Space, Wild
Areas, and Wildlife
Viewing Opportunities
Species Area Requirements
Five functional categories
• Large Landscape
– Classic landscape species
– Habitat generalists requiring large contiguous, or connected areas of habitat
(> 500 ha).
• Meso-scale
– require moderately size contiguous habitat areas (~ 5 - 500 ha).
• Habitat Selectors
– travel between relatively small habitat patches but not sensitive to habitat
changes between patches.
• Restricted or Sedentary
– Small home ranges < 5 ha
• Habitat Specialists
– Majority of seasonal use tied to one, or few habitat types.
– Critical habitats often small patch sizes
• Microhabitat Specialists
– Restricted to very specific and very small habitats (e.g. warm springs)
Species Pool
Land Area
Requireme
nt
Category
Cohort 1
Wolverine
Sage Grouse
Grizzly Bear
Ferruginous Hawk
Gray Wolf
Golden Eagle
American Bison
Elk
Long-billed Curlew
Cougar
American Black
Bear
Canada Lynx
Western Toad
Turkey Vulture
Boreal Owl
Pronghorn
Bighorn Sheep
Western
Rattlesnake
Common Raven
Moose
Tiger Salamander
Northern Goshawk
Coyote
Fisher
Mule Deer
Boreal Chorus Frog
Bull Snake
Blue Grouse
Bobcat
Rough-legged Hawk
White-tailed Deer
Great Horned Owl
Red-tailed Hawk
Swainson's Hawk
Northern River Otter
American Marten
LL-1
LL-1
LL-2
LL-2
LL-3
LL-3
LL-4
LL-4
LL-4
LL-5
LL-6
Meso-1
Meso-1
Meso-1
Meso-2
Meso-2
Meso-2
Meso-2
Meso-3
Meso-3
Meso-3
Meso-4
Meso-4
Meso-4
Meso-4
Meso-4
Meso-4
Meso-5
Meso-5
Meso-6
Meso-6
Meso-7
Meso-7
Meso-7
Meso-7
Meso-8
Wolverine
Sage Grouse
Grizzly Bear
Ferruginous
Hawk
Gray Wolf
Golden Eagle
Cohort 2
Gray Wolf
Golden Eagle
American Bison
Elk
Long-billed
curlew
Cohort 3
Cougar
American Black
Bear
Canada Lynx
Western Toad
Turkey Vulture
Cohort 4
Boreal Owl
Pronghorn
Bighorn Sheep
Western
Rattlesnak
e
Common Raven
Moose
Tiger Salamander
Cohort 5
Moose
Tiger Salamander
Northern
Goshawk
Coyote
Fisher
Mule Deer
Boreal Chorus
Frog
Bull Snake
Cohort 6
Blue Grouse
Bobcat
Rough-legged
Hawk
White-tailed Deer
Great-horned Owl
Red-tailed Hawk
Swainson’s Hawk
Northern River
Otter
STOP
Complete Conservation Requires Multiple Umbrellas
Habitat
Shrub-steppe
Recently Burnt Forest
Agriculture
Alpine Meadow
Aspen
Foothill Shrub/Xeric Woodland
Lentic Water
Lotic Water
Mesic Shrub
Montane Conifer
Native Grassland
Non-Native Grass
Riparian Forest
Riparian Shrub
Rock/Cliff/Talus
Subalpine Forest
Wetlands (Marsh)
Threats
Grazing
Harvest (Hunting)
Homesite Development
Invasive Aliens
Loss Of Ecosystem Integrity
Management/Predator Control
Mineral Mining
Motorized Recreation
Nonmotorized Recreation
Nonnative Introductions
Pollution
Road Chemical/Sedimentation
Roading
Timber Harvest
Vehicular Traffic
Weed/Pest Control
Dewatering (P)
Exotic Disease (P)
Farming (P)
Fencing
Fire Suppression (P)
Fishing
Migratory Sensitivity (P)
Oil/Gas/CBM (P)
Power lines
Completing the Conservation Umbrellas
Special
Elements:
Habitats
Covered
Under
Umbrella
Habitats
Outside
Cumulative
Umbrella
Threats Covered
Under Umbrella
Threats Outside
Cumulative
Umbrella
Special Elements
Added to
Complete
Umbrella
Focal Species Suite
Sage Grouse
Shrubsteppe
Recently Burnt
Forest (P)
Farming (P)
Oil/Gas/CBM (P)
Power lines
Dewatering (P)
Exotic Disease (P)
Fencing
Fire Suppression
(P)
Fishing
Migratory
Sensitivity (P)
Pronghorn
Recently Burnt
Forest (P)
Fencing
Migratory
Sensitivity (P)
Dewatering (P)
Exotic Disease (P)
Fire Suppression
(P)
Fishing
Sage Grouse
Pronghorn
Westslope
Cutthroat
American Beaver –
key species
(replaces otter)
Black-backed
Woodpecker
Westslope
Cutthroat
Recently Burnt
Forest (P)
Dewatering (P)
Exotic Disease (P)
Fishing
Fire Suppression
(P)
Grizzly Bear
Elk
Western Toad
Bighorn Sheep
Northern Goshawk
Northern River Otter
– replaced by beaver
as special element
Special Elements:
Sage Grouse
Pronghorn
Westslope Cutthroat
American Beaver
Black-backed
Woodpecker
American
Beaver
Lotic Water
Blackbacked
Woodpecker
Recently
Burnt
Recently Burnt
Forest (P)
Fire Suppression
(P)
Fire Suppression
(P)
Complete Conservation Requires Multiple Umbrellas
Habitat
Threats
Processes
Area
•Complete Communities
- all native species in natural abundance
•Complete Ecosystem Function
•Human Values