Transcript PPT Notes Populations

organism
population
community
ecosystem
biosphere
Population Ecology
Chapter 53
Life takes place in populations
 Population

group of individuals of same species in
same area at same time
 rely on same
resources
 interact
 interbreed
Population Ecology: What factors affect a population?
Factors that affect Population Size
 Abiotic factors



sunlight & temperature
precipitation / water
soil / nutrients
 Biotic factors

other living organisms
 prey (food)
 competitors
 predators, parasites,
disease
 Intrinsic factors

adaptations
Characterizing a Population
 Describing a population
population range
 pattern of Dispersion
 Density of population

1970
1966
1964
1960
1965
1961
Equator
1958
1951
1943
1937
1956
1970
Immigration
from Africa
~1900
range
Population Range
 Geographical limitations

abiotic & biotic factors
 temperature, rainfall, food, predators, etc.

habitat
adaptations to
polar biome
adaptations to
rainforest biome
Population Dispersion
 Spacing patterns within a population
Provides insight into the
environmental associations
& social interactions of
individuals in population
clumped
random
uniform
Clumped Pattern
(most common)
Uniform
May result from
direct
interactions
Clumped
patterns
between individuals
in the population
 territoriality
Population Size
 Changes to
population size

adding & removing
individuals from a
population
 birth
 death
 immigration
 emigration
 How can the change be
measured? What to
consider…..
Population growth rates
 Factors affecting population growth rate

sex ratio
 how many females vs. males?

generation time
 at what age do females reproduce?

age structure
 how females at reproductive age in cohort?
 How do biologists find all these factors?

They study: Life Tables, Survivorship curves,
and Age Structure diagrams
Why do teenage boys pay high car insurance rates?
Life Tables
 Shows life expectancies for age groups
 Demography: Study of a populations vital
statistics and how they change over time
Life table
females
males
What adaptations have
led to this difference
in male vs. female
mortality?
Survivorship curves
What do these graphs
tell about survival &
strategy of a species?
 Generalized life strategies
Survival per thousand
1000
Human
(type I)
Hydra
(type II)
I. High death rate in
post-reproductive
years
100
II. Constant mortality
rate throughout life
span
Oyster
(type III)
10
1
0
25
50
75
Percent of maximum life span
100
III. Very high early
mortality but the
few survivors then
live long (stay
reproductive)
Survivorship curves
 Graphic representation of life table
The relatively straight lines of the plots indicate relatively constant
rates of death; however, males have a lower survival rate overall
than females.
Belding ground squirrel
Survival vs. Reproduction
 The cost of reproduction

increase reproduction may decrease
survival
 age at first reproduction
 investment per offspring
 number of reproductive cycles per lifetime
 parents not equally invested
 offspring mutations
 Life History determined by
costs and benefits
of all adaptations
Natural selection
favors a life history
that maximizes
lifetime
reproductive
success
Reproductive strategies
 K-selected



late reproduction
few offspring
invest a lot in raising offspring
 primates
 coconut
 r-selected



K-selected
early reproduction
many offspring
little parental care
 insects
 many plants
r-selected
Number & size of offspring
vs.
Survival of offspring or parent
r-selected
K-selected
“Of course, long before you mature,
most of you will be eaten.”
Reproductive strategies & survivorship
K-selection
Survival per thousand
1000
Human
(type I)
Hydra
(type II)
100
Oyster
(type III)
10
r-selection
1
0
25
50
75
Percent of maximum life span
100
Age structure
 Relative number of individuals of each age
What do these data imply about population growth
in these countries?
Growth Rate Models
Population Growth =
change in population = births – deaths
 Exponential growth
Rapid growth
 No constraints

 Logistic growth
Environmental constraints
 Limited growth

Exponential Growth (ideal conditions)
 No environmental barriers
 Growth is at maximum rate
dN/dt = rmaxN
N = # individuals
rmax = growth rate
Exponential growth rate
 Characteristic of populations without
limiting factors

introduced to a new environment or rebounding
from a catastrophe
Whooping crane
coming back from near extinction
African elephant
protected from hunting
Population of…
China: 1.38 billion
India: 1.33 billion
Human population growth
Doubling times
250m  500m = y ()
500m  1b = y ()
1b  2b = 80y (1850–1930)
2b  4b = 75y (1930–1975)
What factors have contributed to
this exponential growth pattern?
Is the human
population reaching
carrying capacity?
adding 82 million/year
~ 200,000 per day!
20056 billion
Significant advances
in medicine through
science and technology
Industrial Revolution
Bubonic plague "Black Death"
1650500 million
Logistic rate of growth
 Can populations continue to grow
exponentially? Of course not!
no natural controls
K=
carrying
capacity
What happens as
N approaches K?
effect of
natural controls

varies with
changes in
resources
What’s going
on with the
plankton?
10
8
6
4
2
0
1915
1925
1935
1945
Time (years)
Number of cladocerans
(per 200 ml)
population size
that environment
can support with
no degradation
of habitat
Number of breeding male
fur seals (thousands)
Carrying capacity
 Maximum
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
30
40
Time (days)
50
60
Changes in Carrying Capacity
 Population cycles

predator – prey
interactions
At what
population level is the
carrying capacity?
K
K
Regulation of population size
marking territory
= competition
 Limiting factors

density dependent
 competition: food, mates,
nesting sites
 predators, parasites,
pathogens

density independent
 abiotic factors
 sunlight (energy)
 temperature
 rainfall
competition for nesting sites
swarming locusts
Introduced species
 Non-native species (INVASIVE)


transplanted populations grow
exponentially in new area
out-compete native species
 loss of natural controls
 lack of predators, parasites,
competitors


reduce diversity
examples
 African honeybee gypsy moth
 gypsy moth
 zebra mussel
 purple loosestrife
kudzu
Zebra musselssel
~2 months


ecological & economic damage

reduces diversity
loss of food & nesting sites
for animals
economic damage
Distribution of population growth
World population in billions
11
uneven distribution
of population:
10 are in developing countries
90% of births
9
uneven distribution of resources:
8 consumes ~90% of resources
wealthiest 20%
increasing gap
7 between rich & poor
6
5
4
3
World total
What is K
for humans?
10-15 billion?
Developing countries
2
1
0
1900
Developed countries
1950
Time
2000
2050