Transcript Digestion & Enzymes

Digestion & Enzymes
The Digestive System
?
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
?
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
?
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
Stomach
Food is churned and
chemically digested
by enzymes
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
?
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
Stomach
Food is churned and
chemically digested
by enzymes
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Liver
Produces bile for
the digestion of
fats
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
Stomach
Food is churned and
chemically digested
by enzymes
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Liver
Produces bile for
the digestion of
fats
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
Stomach
Food is churned and
chemically digested
by enzymes
?
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Liver
Produces bile for
the digestion of
fats
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
Stomach
Food is churned and
chemically digested
by enzymes
Pancreas
Produces enzymes
to chemically
digest food
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Liver
Produces bile for
the digestion of
fats
?
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
Stomach
Food is churned and
chemically digested
by enzymes
Pancreas
Produces enzymes
to chemically
digest food
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Liver
Produces bile for
the digestion of
fats
Small intestine
Completes chemical
digestion and absorbs
digested food into the
bloodstream
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
Stomach
Food is churned and
chemically digested
by enzymes
Pancreas
Produces enzymes
to chemically
digest food
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Liver
Produces bile for
the digestion of
fats
Small intestine
Completes chemical
digestion and absorbs
digested food into the
bloodstream
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
Stomach
Food is churned and
chemically digested
by enzymes
Pancreas
Produces enzymes
to chemically
digest food
?
The Digestive System
Mouth
Physical digestion by
teeth and chemical
digestion by enzymes
in saliva (amylase)
Liver
Produces bile for
the digestion of
fats
Small intestine
Completes chemical
digestion and absorbs
digested food into the
bloodstream
Oesophagus
Carries food from
mouth to stomach
Stomach
Food is churned and
chemically digested
by enzymes
Pancreas
Produces enzymes
to chemically
digest food
Large Intestine
Water is taken back
into the bloodstream
and undigested food
is carried to the anus
Teeth – physically digest food
?
Teeth – physically digest food
Incisor
Cutting food
Teeth – physically digest food
Incisor
Cutting food
?
Teeth – physically digest food
Incisor
Cutting food
Canine
Tearing food
Teeth – physically digest food
Incisor
Cutting food
Canine
Tearing food
?
Teeth – physically digest food
Incisor
Cutting food
Canine
Tearing food
Premolar
Crushing & grinding
food
Teeth – physically digest food
Incisor
Cutting food
Canine
Tearing food
Premolar
Crushing & grinding
food
?
Teeth – physically digest food
Incisor
Cutting food
Canine
Tearing food
Premolar
Crushing & grinding
food
Molar
Crushing & grinding
food
Enzymes
SUBSTRATE
• Enzymes are chemicals found in all cells
in the body.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• What is a catalyst??
???
Enzymes
SUBSTRATE
• Enzymes are chemicals found in all cells
in the body.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• What is a catalyst??
A catalyst is a substance that changes
the speed of a reaction, but is not used
up in the reaction itself.
Enzyme Reaction
SUBSTRATE
Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product
? +
?
--->
?
+
?
Enzyme Reaction
SUBSTRATE
Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product
Amylase +
?
--->
?
+
?
Enzyme Reaction
SUBSTRATE
Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product
Amylase + Starch
--->
?
+
?
Enzyme Reaction
SUBSTRATE
Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product
Amylase + Starch
---> Amylase +
?
Enzyme Reaction
SUBSTRATE
Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product
Amylase + Starch
---> Amylase + Maltose
Testing the Action the Enzyme
Amylase on Starch
How is food prepared first?
???
Testing the Action the Enzyme
Amylase on Starch
How is food prepared first?
•If using a starchy food (for e.g.
cracker) grind up food and dissolve
in water.
•If using starch solution, no
preparation necessary.
Testing the Action the Enzyme
Amylase on Starch
How is food prepared first?
•If using a starchy food (for e.g.
cracker) grind up food and dissolve
in water.
•If using starch solution, no
preparation necessary.
At what temperature is the water
bath?
???
Testing the Action the Enzyme
Amylase on Starch
How is food prepared first?
•If using a starchy food (for e.g.
cracker) grind up food and dissolve
in water.
•If using starch solution, no
preparation necessary.
At what temperature is the water
bath?
•37°C (human body temperature)
Testing the Action the Enzyme
Amylase on Starch
How is food prepared first?
•If using a starchy food (for e.g.
cracker) grind up food and dissolve
in water.
•If using starch solution, no
preparation necessary.
At what temperature is the water
bath?
•37°C (human body temperature)
How long for reaction to occur?
???
Testing the Action the Enzyme
Amylase on Starch
How is food prepared first?
•If using a starchy food (for e.g.
cracker) grind up food and dissolve
in water.
•If using starch solution, no
preparation necessary.
At what temperature is the water
bath?
•37°C (human body temperature)
How long for reaction to occur?
•Approximately 10 minutes
• Testing for the Substrate: Starch
What chemical is used?
???
• Testing for the Substrate: Starch
What chemical is used?
Iodine
• Testing for the Substrate: Starch
What chemical is used?
Iodine
What colour does it turn if starch present?
???
• Testing for the Substrate: Starch
What chemical is used?
Iodine
What colour does it turn if starch present?
Blue-black
• Testing for the Substrate: Starch
What chemical is used?
Iodine
What colour does it turn if starch present?
Blue-black
• Testing for the Product: Maltose (reducing sugar)
How do you test for a reducing sugar?
???
• Testing for the Substrate: Starch
What chemical is used?
Iodine
What colour does it turn if starch present?
Blue-black
• Testing for the Product: Maltose (reducing sugar)
How do you test for a reducing sugar?
Heat with Benedict's solution
• Testing for the Substrate: Starch
What chemical is used?
Iodine
What colour does it turn if starch present?
Blue-black
• Testing for the Product: Maltose (reducing sugar)
How do you test for a reducing sugar?
Heat with Benedict’s solutions
What colour does Benedict’s turn if reducing sugar
present?
???
• Testing for the Substrate: Starch
What chemical is used?
Iodine
What colour does it turn if starch present?
Blue-black
• Testing for the Product: Maltose (reducing sugar)
How do you test for a reducing sugar?
Heat with Benedict’s solution
What colour does Benedict’s turn if reducing sugar
present?
Brick Red
Testing for Starch (the Substrate):
What colour will iodine be in test-tube A?
???
Testing for Starch (the Substrate):
What colour will iodine be in test-tube A?
Orange brown – no starch present
Testing for Starch (the Substrate):
What colour will iodine be in test-tube A?
Orange brown – no starch present
What colour will iodine be in test-tube B (the control)?
???
Testing for Starch (the Substrate):
What colour will iodine be in test-tube A?
Orange brown – no starch present
What colour will iodine be in test-tube B (the control)?
Blue black – starch still present
Testing for a Reducing Sugar, i.e. maltose (the Product):
What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube A?
???
Testing for a Reducing Sugar, i.e. maltose (the Product):
What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube A?
Brick Red – Reducing Sugar Present
Testing for a Reducing Sugar, i.e. maltose (the Product):
What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube A?
Brick Red – Reducing Sugar Present
What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube B (the
control)?
???
Testing for a Reducing Sugar, i.e. maltose (the Product):
What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube A?
Brick Red – Reducing Sugar Present
What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube B (the
control)?
Blue – No reducing Sugar Present
What has happened in test-tube A?
???
What has happened in test-tube A?
Amylase has broken down starch into maltose.
What has happened in test-tube A?
Amylase has broken down starch into maltose.
What has happened in test- tube B?
???
What has happened in test-tube A?
Amylase has broken down starch into maltose.
What has happened in test- tube B?
As there was no enzyme present, starch has not
been broken down.