Transcript SH 316- Speech Science MWF: 10

SH 316- Speech Science
Syllabus
• Office hours: T, TH: 11-12:30pm (by
appointment) W119 Thompson
• TA (Donna Eduardo): W112 Thompson
• Text: The Speech Sciences (1998),
Raymond Kent.
Readings
• Reading for Feb 5:
– From: Respiratory Function in Speech & Song
• Available in Reed library(reserve) and 3 copies on my door
(W119)
• Reading for Feb 12:
– From: Journal of Voice
• 3 copies will be provided for photocopying
Course Description
• Topics:
– Basic concepts in physics & mathematics
– Review of subsystems of speech
– Neurology: Anatomy & physiology
– Physiologic & acoustic phonetics
– Speech perception
– Applied speech science
Lectures
• Outline of material
• Lectures available on the web
Exams
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4 exams: Multiple choice and true/false
60% of the final grade (20% each)
Final cumulative exam- 20%
Exam critiques
– Half sheet of 8.5 x 11 paper
– Critiques in writing
Presentation
• Topics: speech instrumentation
• Groups: 3 people 2 groups will have 4
members
• about 30 minutes per group member
• April 18-May 9 (sign-up)
• 15% for oral presentation
• 5% for presentation quizzes
– 2 questions per presentation
Sources in Speech: Informational
• Information of sound signal
–age
–gender
–emotion
Phonetic quality
• Linguistic content
• Derive meaning from language
• Phonetic imprint (native language)
Affective quality
• Paralinguistic (accompanies linguistics)
– Emotion
– Contribute to message
– Animals & humans produce affect in
communication
– Vocalizations may carry information with no
linguistic information
Personal quality
• Extralinguistic (outside normal
linguistics of speech)
• Information about the talker
– gender, age, state of health
– Identify through specific
characteristics of voice
Transmittal quality
• Information of speakers location
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distance
orientation in space
background noise
environmental acoustic influence
(reverberation)
• Listener makes adjustments
Theories: Speech Production & Perception
• Models:
– Neural: nervous system processes that control
speech.
– Articulatory: Describes movements in speech
production
– Vocal tract: Describes the shape of the vocal
tract in speech production.
Applied Speech Science
• Question? How is speech produced &
how is it perceived?
– Assessment & treatment of speech
disorders
– Forensic purposes : tape recordings
Theories: Speech Production & Perception
• Models (cont.)
– Functional: General functions of events in the
formulation & execution of speech events.
– Motor control: Accounts for patterns of muscle
activity in the speech production system.
Basic Concepts: Physics
Principals of Physics: Speech
• Airflow & Speech production
– Physics of fluids
• Sound generation, acoustic resonance &
analysis
– Physics of sound
Fluids
• Gases & liquids = Fluids
• Air = Gas
– Provides basic energy for speech
• Fluid mechanics: Study of fluids in motion
(fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics)
• Hydrodynamics: flow of low velocity
gases
Hydrodynamics
• Fluid = tiny particles (small volume)
• Particles in motion
• Eulerian Method: Flow characteristic as
a group of particles
Pressure
• Pressure= Force per unit area
– P=F/A (F= Force; A= Area)
• F= Ma (M= mass; a= acceleration)
• Force unit used in speech?
– Pa (Pascal) = force of 1 newton (N) on 1 square meter
• 1N= 1 kg m/s2
• 1 Pa is large compared to pressure measures made
in speech: Use (mPa)
Volume
• Volume= quantity of air in a vessel or
space
– Measured in liters (l) of milliliters (ml)
• Speech may use cubic centimeters (cc)
• Speech example= Vital capacity
– Normal= 3.5-6.1 liters
Flow
• Flow= quantity of gas that moves through a
given area in a unit of time
• Speech- Measure flow in liters/second
– Example: Sustained phonation of a vowel
– 100 ml per second (Women)
– 110 ml per second (Men)
• If an adult female phonates a vowel for 10
seconds, what would be the total volume of
air used?
• About 1 liter
Pressure vs. Flow
• Pressure travels from regions of high
pressure to low pressure
– Respiration
• air inspired into the lungs- expansion of chest
wall and increases volume (Patm is high; Palv is
low)
• air expired out of lungs- deflate lungs increasing
pressure
• High pressure generates high flow (in resp.
system).
Flow
•Incompressible & ideal flow
–No frication & streamlined
•Streamlines are parallel to direction of flow
Bernoulli Principle
• The total mechanical energy of the
fluid is constant along a streamline.
• Balance between kinetic & potential
energy
• As velocity of flow increases, pressure
decreases
– Nozzels, flow devices
Bernoulli Principle
Region 1 to Region 2 to Region 3:
Total energy decreases; Lost to friction
Region 2 :
Constriction; fluid velocity & kinetic energy
increases; decrease in potential energy; pressure
decreases
Region 3 :
Tube widens; fluid velocity decreases;
kinetic energy to pressure energy
Ex. Air travel through resp.
system; loss of energy through
viscous frication.
Types of Flow
•Laminar: Particles of fluid follow streamline
–Low velocity; pressure & flow is linear
•Turbulent: Fluid particles complex motion
–High flow; pressure & flow nonlinear
–Eddies produced
Flows: Speech Sounds
• Vowels: Laminar flow (sonorants:
nasals, vowels & liquids)
• Fricatives: turbulent flow