Transcript Energy and Springs

Energy and Springs
Another major potential energy area that Physics is
enamored of is the spring. Now you’ve seen springs before
and know what they do. You squeeze a spring, i.e.,
compress it, and it wants to get back to its original length, so
it can exert a force once it’s been compressed. See, it
wants to “spring” back.
Compressed springs store energy.
Energy and Springs
• The force to compress spring is
proportional to the displacement.
Mathematically:
F  kx
• Where F is the force, is x displacement,
and k is known as the spring constant.
Energy and Springs
• The spring constant is unique for each
spring. The spring constant has units of .
• The amount of force it takes to compress a
spring is equal to the force the
compressed spring can exert. This is
known as Hook’s law.
Fs  kx
» Hooke’s Law
Fs  kx
Hooke’s Law
• The minus sign simply means that the
direction for the spring’s force is opposite
of the direction of the force that
compressed it. This makes sense right?
If you compress a spring to the right, it will
exert a force to the left. That’s all the
minus sign means.
Work and Displacement:
F (N)
• The work done by a
system can be easily found
by analyzing a graph of
o
o
x (m)
force vs displacement.
• Here is a simple graph for
F (N)
a constant force acting
over a distance. The work
Area = work
done is simply the area
o
under the curve of the
o
x (m)
force/displacement graph.
Work and Displacement:
• The work done by a 4.0 N force acting over a
distance of 6.0 m would be the rectangular area
delineated on the graph below. Since it is a
rectangle, the work would be the height times
the width, or F multiplied by x. This is the
equation we’ve been using for work. . So the
work would be 24 J.
• Making a graph seems like an awful lot of
trouble when we’ve got a wonderfully simple
equation that we can use. But what about if the
force isn’t constant?
Work and Displacement:
• Well, it turns out that the area under the curve
is always going to be the work. What happens
with the force isn’t all that important.
• Here’s a weird looking graph of force vs
displacement.
• On this graph we have a pretty complicated
curve. The work done in going from zero
displacement to 7.3 m is still the area under the
curve. Figuring out the area for this example
would be a lot of trouble, basically you’d have
to do it graphically or else use integral calculus
– which most of you won’t have studied . . . . .
yet.
F (N)
o
o
x (m)
Work and Displacement:
• It can be simple though if you get regular
geometric shapes. For example let us
graph force vs displacement for a spring.
The curve is a straight line, the y intercept
is zero and the slope is the spring
constant.
F (N)
• Here is just such a graph:
o
o
x (m)
Work and Displacement:
• The work done in
compressing the spring a
certain distance is simply the
area under the curve. We
also know that the work done
on the spring will equal the
potential energy stored in the
spring. So by analyzing the
graph we can come up with
an equation for the potential
energy stored in a spring
• The area is a right triangle.
From geometry we know that
the area of such a triangle is
simply:
F (N)
o
o
1
A  bh
2
x (m)
Work and Displacement:
• The base of the triangle is simply x. The
height is F.
• But the force is a function of the
displacement:
F  kx
• Plug this value for F into the area equation
along with x as the base and you get: W  1 kx2
2
• This means that the potential energy of a
spring is:
1
U s  kx 2
2
Work and Displacement:
• A spring has a constant of 125 N/m. If the
spring is compressed a distance of 13 cm,
what is (a) the force required to do this
and (b) the potential energy stored in the
spring?
• (a) To find the force, we use the equation
for force and displacement:
N
F  kx  125  0.13 m  
m
16 N
Work and Displacement:
• (b) the potential energy stored in the spring?
• To find the potential energy, we use the potential energy
equation for a spring:
Us 
1
N 
2
125
0.13
m




2
m 

1.1 J
• We can now add the potential energy of a spring to the
conservation of mechanical energy equation:
 K  U g  U s 0   K  U g  U s 
1
1
1
1
mv02  mgy0  kx02  mv 2  mgy  kx 2
2
2
2
2
• This equation deals with changes in energy for: kinetic
energy, gravitational potential energy, and potential
energy of a spring.
• A 0.450 kg block, resting on a frictionless surface is
pushed 8.00 cm into a light spring, k = 111 N/m. It is
then released. What is the velocity of the block as it just
leaves the spring?
• We can solve this by analyzing the energy situation.
There are only two terms we need worry about, the
potential energy stored in the spring and the kinetic
energy when the spring uncoils and the block is
released. There is no initial kinetic energy and there is
no final energy left in the spring. There is no change in
gravitational potential energy. So we can develop the
following equation:
1
1
kx2  mv 2
2
2
• A 0.450 kg block, resting on a frictionless
surface is pushed 8.00 cm into a light
spring, k = 111 N/m. It is then released.
What is the velocity of the block as it just
leaves the spring?
1 2 1 2
kx  mv
2
2
v
1
0.450 kg
» the terms cancel out
v2 
kg  m 

2
111 2   0.080 m 
s 

1 2
kx
m

v
m
1.26
s
1 2
kx
m
• A 255 g block is traveling along a smooth
surface with a velocity of 12.5 m/s. It runs
head on into a spring (k = 125 N/m). How
far is the spring compressed?
1 2 1 2
mv  kx
2
2
xv
m
k
m
 12.5
s
0.255 kg
kg  m
325
m  s2

0.350 m
• A 1.0 kg ball is launched from a spring (k =
135 N/m) that has been compressed a
distance of 25 cm. The ball is launched
horizontally by the spring, which is 2.0 m
above the deck. (a) What is the velocity of
the ball just after it leaves the spring? (b)
What is the horizontal distance the ball
travels before it hits? (c) What is the
kinetic energy of the ball just before it hits?
• A)
1 2 1 2
kx  mv
2
2
k
vx
m
  0.25 m 
1
1.0 kg

kg  m 
135 2

s m 


m
2.9
s
• (b) Find the time to fall:
x  vt
 2.9
1
y  at 2 t 
2
m
 0.639 s  
s
1.9 m
2y

a
2  2.0 m 
 0.639 s
m
9.8 2
s
• (c) To directly calculate the kinetic energy of the ball, we would have
to calculate what it’s velocity is just before it hits. This would be a
complicated problem – vectors, x and y components &tc. Much
easier to calculate it using conservation of energy. Its energy at the
top, which will be the potential energy in the spring plus the
gravitational potential energy because of the ball’s height, has to
equal its kinetic energy at the bottom. We could also use its kinetic
energy plus its gravitational potential energy at the top just before it
leaves the table (this is because its kinetic energy must equal the
potential energy stored in the spring before launch).
1
1 2
2
mgy0  kx0  kx
2
2
1
m
1
N
2

K  mgy0  kx02  1.0 kg  9.8 2   2.0 m   135   0.25 m 
2
2
m
s 


24 J