Transcript Unit 11: Nutrition

Unit 3: Human Biology
Chapter 7: Nutrition
Food – Glorious - Food!
Nutrients and the evolution of the digestive
system.
A. Nutrition
1. Nutrition = ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
- Foods supply the organism with _______ and ________ necessary
for survival
- Poor nutrition leads to ___________________________
2. Nutrients = ___________________________________________
a) _________________________
1) Function: Main source of ___________  respiration
4 calories / gram
2) Foods:
- __________ – fruits, candy, cookies  ___________________
_________, fructose, dextrose, sucrose
Easily broken down – quick source of energy
(dangerous to blood sugar)
- _____________ – grains, potatoes  ____________________
Complex Carbohydrates = big starches, long time to digest
Whole Grains
___________ / Roughage = indigestible carbohydrates (cellulose)
3) Digestion:
____________  ____________  ____________
Store energy: monosachharides  ______________ (animal starch)
Glycogen stored in the liver
b) ________________________
1) Function: ________ body organs, ___________ the body,
________ energy, __________________, hormones
- 9 calories / gram
2) Foods: oils, butter, meats
- no more than 30% of calories from fat
- _____________________________
3) Digestion:
Lipids break down into ___________________________
Fatty
Acids
Glycerol
c) ____________________
1) Function: materials for ____________________, structure,
characteristics, regulation, transport, enzymes, hormones
2) Foods: meats, eggs, beans, rice, nuts
3) Digestion:
- ____________  _______________
- There are 20 amino acids used in the body
- Your cells can make 12 of them
8 are an essential part of the diet:
methionine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine,
valine, isoleucine, lysine
- Without eating the 8 amino acids you could not survive
complete proteins
d) Minerals – inorganic molecules
Mineral
Calcium
Iron
Iodine
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Chlorine
Fluorine
Zinc
Sodium
Sources
Function
e) Vitamins
- organic molecules
- often work with enzymes as coenzymes
Vitamin
A (Retinol)
B-1 (Thiamine)
B-2 (Riboflavin)
B-3 (Niacin)
B-12
C (Ascorbic Acid)
D
E
Folic Acid
K
Sources
f) ______ – necessary for
chemical reactions
Function
g) calorie
- measurement of the _______
_______________
- the amount of energy needed
to raise 1 mL of water 10C
- the back of the food label
really measures kilocalories
(Calories)
- average person eats 2000 –
2500 Calories per day
Which is the
better food for you
to eat and why?
B. Human Nutrition
1. Digestion
- Digestion is the conversion of ________________________ into
________________________________ = __________________
a) Extra cellular vs. Intra cellular
- Digestive System is designed for extra cellular digestion
- ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
- Ingestion – ____________________________________
- Digestion – ____________________________________
- Egestion – ____________________________________
- Intracellular digestion is when the materials are broken down
inside of cells
b) Mechanical digestion vs. Chemical digestion
- Mechanical Digestion = ______________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
- Chemical Digestion = ________________________________
___________________________________________________
requires the use of ______________  _________________
2. Human Digestive System
Alimentary Canal – Gastro Intestinal Tract (GI)
a) Mouth – start of the digestive system, opening to the environment
1) Teeth – chewing – cutting - crushing – tearing of food
______________________  making food into smaller pieces
2) Tongue – tastes food, helps to move food around the mouth
3) Saliva – secreted by _______________, moistens food to ease it
through the digestive system
- contains – _______________ – starts the ________________
of ________________________________________
ex: crackers
b) Pharynx – back of the throat
1) ___________________ –
flap of muscular tissue used to
direct food down the esophagus
c) Esophagus – food tube
1) peristalsis = muscular contractions
used to push food into the stomach
 the GI tract is lined with muscle for
peristalsis
 smooth muscle - involuntary
2) eat upside down
d) Stomach – muscular, expandable sac
1) Sphincters = _______________________________________
_________________________________________________
2) Gastric Glands – ____________ = combination of __________
________ and ________________
3) Chemical digestion – ___________ breaks down __________
into ___________________
HCl acid also helps to _______________________________
4) Mechanical Digestion –
stomach muscles ________,
contracts, and churns the
chyme (food mass)
e) Small Intestine – small because it is ________, it is over 20 ft long
1) __________________________________ of all foods
liver and pancreas make enzymes and chemicals used for the
digestion of food
- Liver – makes ___________; stored in the gallbladder
bile _________ fat  turns into small droplets so enzymes can
work on it
- Pancreas
______________ – chemically digests ________________
______________ – chemically digests ________________
______________ – chemically digests ________________
______________ – chemically digests ________________
Sodium Bicarbonate – neutralizes stomach acid
2) ________________________________
- lining of the small intestine is covered with ____________ which
are covered in ____________________
- Why have all these extra folds and projections in the SI?
- Increase ________________ – can absorb more nutrients into the
blood
- How do nutrients get into the blood?
- ___________________
f) Large Intestine
- aka _________________
- undigested nutrient free material leaves the small intestine and
enters the large intestine  much wider, but shorter
1) ____________________ from chyme
2) ________________ – used to house bacteria to digest cellulose
Humans don’t use it any more
3) _______________ – make vitamins – _______________
4) ________________
1. What are the functions of the digestive
system?
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
2. In what organ does digestion begin?
Which enzyme is involved?
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
3. In what organ are proteins first
digested? Which enzyme is involved?
_________________________________
_________________________________
4. What are the products of protein
digestion in this organ?
_________________________________
5. What role does the liver play in digestion?
___________________________________
___________________________________
6. Into which organ does food pass into after
it leaves the stomach? What occurs there?
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
7. What is the contribution of the pancreas
in digestion?
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
8. What is the function of the large intestine?
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
3. Digestive System Diseases and Disorders
a) ___________________ (Heart Burn)
the esophageal sphincter does not close – when the stomach
churns  _______________ comes back up the esophagus –
burns the wall of the esophagus
- _______________ (anti acid) – stop burning
b) ___________________
___________________________________________________
_____________________ no longer protects the organs
- caused by bacteria and ____________
c) _________________________________
large intestine absorbs _________________________
dehydration
usually caused by bacteria
d) ______________________
anorexia – ____________________
bulimia – _____________________
generally psychological
intake of less than 500 calories per day
e) __________________
missing some component of the diet
f) __________________
___________________ – body stores extra energy
not necessarily caused by over eating
g) __________________
Build up of hardened
__________ in the gall bladder
h) __________________
_______________________ 
could cause it to burst