Transcript Physical Science Grade 7

Physical Science ~ Grade 7
Chapters 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10
Chapter 2-Standards of Measurement
History of SI/Metric System
• SI/Metric Units are a system of measurement
based on units of 10.
• This system was developed in 1960.
SI/Metric Units and Symbols
Quantity Measured
Unit
Symbol
Length
Meter
m
Mass
Gram
g
Time
Second
s
Volume of Liquid
Liter
l
Temperature
Kelvin
k
Vocabulary Terms and Equipment
• Length-the distance between 2 points
• Mass-measure of the matter in an object
• Time-interval between events
More Vocabulary Terms
• Volume-amount of space occupied by
a liquid
• Temperature-amount of kinetic energy
in an object
• Density-mass per unit volume of a
material
SI/Metric Conversions Table
Kilo
Hecto
Deka
UNIT
Deci
Centi
Milli
King
Henry
Doesn’t
Usually
Drink
Chocolate
Milk
/1000
/100
/10
X 10
X 100
X 1000
km
hm
dam
Meter
dm
cm
mm
kl
hl
dal
Liter
dl
cl
ml
kg
hg
dag
Gram
dg
cg
mg
.001 kg
.01 hg
.1 dag
1g
10 dg
100 cg
1000 mg
Graphing
• Line Graph-shows trends or how data changes
over time (ex. Stock market)
Graphing
• Bar Graph-compares information collected by
counting
Graphing is finally done!
• Circle/Pie Graph-used to show a fixed
quantity broken into parts
Resources- Chapter 2
http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createagraph
/default.aspx
www.brainpop.com
Chapters 3, 4, 5, & 6
Force & Motion
Acceleration
Chapter 3 Vocabulary
• Speed- rate of change in position
• Instantaneous Speed- rate of motion
at any given instant
• Average Speed- speed that is
constantly changing
• Constant Speedspeed that does not vary
Chapter 3
Vocabulary
• Velocity- describes both speed and direction
of an object
• Acceleration- rate of change of velocity
• Force- push or pull on an object
• Net Force- changes the velocity of an object
• Balanced Force- forces equal in size and
opposite in direction
• Unbalanced force- force is greater on one side
Phew… Chapter 3 Vocabulary is over!
• Friction- force that opposes
motion between two surfaces
that are touching each other
• Weight- measure of
gravitational pull on an object
• Gravity- every object exerts a
force on every other object
If your weight on Earth is 100 lbs…
Vector Extra: Determine the formula for calculating your weight on the moon.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
FIRST LAW OF MOTION:
An object in motion/at rest remains in motion/at rest
until a net force acts on it.
AKA: LAW OF INERTIA
SECOND LAW OF MOTION:
The force of an object is equal to its mass
times acceleration.
AKA: F = M x A
THIRD LAW OF MOTION:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
AKA: ACTION/REACTION
Slow Flyer Lab!
Problem:
Can you design a “slow flying” paper airplane?
Hypothesis:
My plane will fly _______ meters in _______ seconds.
Materials:
stopwatch/timer
meter stick
calculator
paper
Data/Test Hypothesis:
1. Design “slow flyer”
2. Fly plane
3. Record distance & time
4. Calculate velocity
Conclusion:
Did you support your hypothesis?
Slow & Steady
Chapter 4 Vocabulary
• Air Resistance- force air exerts that is
opposite in direction
• Terminal Velocity- highest velocity
reached by a falling object
• Projectile- anything thrown or shot
through the air
• Centripetal Force- force acting
toward the center of a curved or
circular path
Directions of Motion
Horizontal Motionmotion parallel to earths surface
Vertical Motionmotion perpendicular to earths surface
Resources- Chapters 3 & 4
www.physics4kids.com
http://teachertech.rice.edu/Participants/
louviere/Newton/
Chapter 5 Vocabulary
• Energy- ability to cause change (do work)
• Work- transfer of energy through motion
Force x Distance = Work
• Kinetic Energy- energy in motion
• Potential Energy- stored energy
• Thermal Energy- Heat Energy
• Thermal Pollution- waste heat given off into
the environment
Chapter 6 Vocabulary
• Conduction- transfer of energy
or particles
 Direct contact
• Convection- heat through
currents
 Bulk movement
• Radiation- transfer of energy in
waves
Chapter 6 Vocabulary
Insulators- do not allow heat to easily move
through them
Are you down?
MORE… Chapter 6 Vocabulary
Sweat/Evaporation- liquid to gas
Humidity/Condensation- gas to liquid
Chapter 8
Solids, Liquids, & Gases
The States of Matter
BEC’s
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Plasma
Particle
*Least
Arrangement kinetic
OR Kinetic
energy
Energy
Close
together
Almost as
close as
solids
Separate
from each
other
Positive &
Negative
particles
* Most kinetic
energy
Volume
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Shape
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Other
BoseEinstein
Condensates
(in a LAB
only!)
“Super Cold
Blob”
Can’t be
squeezed
into smaller
spaces
Take shape
of container
Expand to
fill
container
Most
abundant in
the universe
“Super Hot
Mass”
Chapter 8 Vocabulary
• Kinetic Theory of Matter- tiny particles are in
constant motion
• Thermal Expansion- particles expand when
they get hotter, and contract when they cool
• Thermal Pollution- waste heat given off into
the environment
Gas Laws
• Boyle’s Law
– Decrease the volume of gas
– Increase pressure of gas
• Charles’ Law
– Increase the temperature of a gas
– Increase volume of gas
Fluid Laws
• Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced
• “Archimedes Afloat”
• Bernoulli’s Principle
– Increase velocity
– Decrease pressure
• “Bernoulli for the Birds”
• Pascal’s Principle
– Pressure is unchanged throughout a fluid
• “Pascal’s Paste”
Chapter 9
Describing Matter
• Physical Property- color, shape, size, density, melting
point, boiling point
• Physical Change- change in size, shape, or state of
matter
• Chemical Property- indicates whether it can undergo
a chemical change
• Chemical Change-when substance changes into a
different substance
• Law of Conservation of Mass- mass of all substances
before a chemical change equals the mass of the
substances after the change
Chapter 10 Atomic Structure & The
Periodic Table
Vocabulary-Periodic Table
• Chemical Symbol- abbreviated way to write an element’s name, ex. H for
Hydrogen, He for Helium
• Atomic Number-number of protons in an atom
• Atomic Mass- equals the number of protons & neutrons in an atom
• Isotope- atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons
• Groups- Vertical columns have similar properties, noble gases group 18
• Periods- Horizontal rows on the table
• Metals-left of stair step line, mostly solids at room temp., good conductors
of heat & electricity
• Nonmetals- right of stair step line, gases and brittle solids
• Metalloids- make up the stair step line, properties of both metals and
nonmetals
Vocabulary-Atomic Model
• Nucleus-positively charged center of an atom,
contains most of the mass of the atom
• Proton-positively charged particle in an atom, equal
to the atomic number
• Neutron-neutral/no charge particle in an atom
• Electron-negatively charged particle outside the
atom , mass considered negligible (so small) it orbits
the nucleus in the electron cloud
• Quarks-smaller particles that make up protons and
neutrons
Atomic Model Diagram
Websites Ch’s 5-10
• www.chem4kids.com
• www.physics4kids.com