Transcript Units and Gravity

Figure App. 4.1
Atomic Structure…
The MOST ABUNDANT ATOM, HYDROGEN, PLUS ITS
ISOTOPES.
SALT (SODIOUM CHLORIDE) MOST ABUNDANT SOLUTE IN
OCEANS
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF WATER
REAL OBSERVED ELECTRON DISTRIBUTIONS IN COPPER OXIDE
EQUILIBRIA ARE KEY ELEMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING NATURE…
UNITS OF MEASURE
CGS UNITS
FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES:
QUANTITY
MEANS?
UNITS USED(abbreviation)
TEMPERATURE ...........HEAT CONTENT.............DEGREE KELVIN (K)
MASS...................AMOUNT OF MATTER.........GRAMS (GM)
TIME...................MEASURE OF DURATION......SECONDS (SEC)
LENGTH.................LINEAR MEASURE...........CENTIMETER (CM)
ELECTRIC CHARGE........CHARGE ON ELECTRON.......ELECTROSTATIC
UNIT
FROM THESE, WE CAN DERIVE MOST OTHER QUANTITIES: E.G.
DERIVED UNITS
AREA = LENGTH(1) TIMES LENGTH(2).....SCALAR
SPEED = LENGTH PER UNIT TIME...CM PER SECOND =
CM/SEC.....SCALAR
VELOCITY = LENGTH/UNIT TIME TOWARDS A DIRECTION.....VECTOR
LENGTH (WITH DIRECTION).....VECTOR (WITHOUT
DIRECTION).....SCALAR
MORE SCALARS: VOLUME, MASS, CHARGE..... ALL HAVE MAGNITUDE
ONLY
MORE VECTORS: FORCE, MOMENTUM, PRESSURE
.... MAGNITUDE and DIRECTION
NEWTON’S LAWS
NEWTON'S 1ST LAW:
LAW OF INERTIA
An object remains in its initial state whether of rest or constant velocity
until acted upon by an external force.
NEWTON'S 2ND LAW:
F= ma
LAW OF FORCE
in DYNES
NEWTON'S 3RD LAW:
LAW OF RESPONSE
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
NEWTON’S 2ND LAW
NEWTON'S 2ND LAW:
FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION
F= m
FORCE HAS UNITS..... DYNES (cgs)
MASS HAS UNITS......GRAMS
ACCELERATION HAS UNITS....... CM/SEC/SEC OR CM/SEC 2
THEREFORE: ONE DYNE = ONE GRAM-CM/SEC 2
FORCE DUE TO GRAVITY
F = G m1 m2 / R2
m1 and m2 are the two objects which gravitationally attract each other.
e.g. the Earth and you....
R is the distance between the two objects....
Since R is in the denominator and is squared...the force due to gravity gets
smaller in proportion to the square of the distance separating the two objects....
Force has units dynes = gram-centimeter/second 2
G must have units to make equation correct...
G = F / (m1 m2 / R2) = (gram-cm /sec 2) gram-2 cm2 = cm3/sec 2gram
G IS A "CONSTANT OF PROPORTIONALITY"
Let us return to our protosolar nebula from which Earth was formed.
PROTOSOLAR NEBULA
Eventually, after lengthy evolution, the Earth has reached this
overall structure:
Solid earth, ocean,
Atmosphere…
The Earth is volcanically active, resulting in gaseous emission, i.e.
“VOLATILES”
Earth’s evolution did not result in much loss of matter,
What was here to start is nearly ALL still here.
STARTING MATERIAL = VOLATILES AND SEDIMENTS
Volatiles arise from weathering,
but much more from volcanic activity
Volatile species are susceptible of further chemical processing…
Lightning, entry of meteors… MOLECULES OF LIFE
Surface life is based upon photosynthesis, after long evolution.
Drawing from photomicrograph of possible early life form, 3.5 B
years old…
A human hair is
typically 70 microns
in width
Striking evidence for the advent of photosynthetic life…
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
With atmosphere, oxygen, photosynthesis, plants, hydrological
cycle, etc., you have an ecosphere…
A representation of the time line for Earth evolution…
The result of the weathering, volcanism, formation of atmosphere,
biology, hydrological cycle, and more is our Earth climate system.