Transcript 17-8 through 17-11

Chapter 17
Electric Potential
Warm Up
• When a battery is connected to a
capacitor, why do the plates acquire
charges of the same magnitude?
Closure
• When a battery is connected to a
capacitor, why do the plates acquire
charges of the same magnitude?
Objectives: The students will be able to:
•Explain how and why capacitance is effected
when adding a dielectric.
•Explain what is meant by an electric dipole and
determine the magnitude of the electric dipole
moment between two point charges.
•Solve problems involving dielectrics.
17.8 Dielectrics
A dielectric is an insulator, and is
characterized by a dielectric constant K.
Capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor filled
with dielectric:
(17-9)
17.8 Dielectrics
Dielectric strength is the
maximum field a
dielectric can experience
without breaking down.
Water as a Dielectric
DIELECTRIC
CONSTANT:
K = C / Co
= ratio of the
capacitances
V = Vo / K
Effect of a dielectric between the plates of
a parallel plate capacitor.
Note – the charge is constant !
A dielectric is added between the plates of a
charged capacitor (battery not connected):
Q = Qo, therefore Q = C V and Qo = Co Vo
Co Vo = C V,
and if Vo decreases to V, Co must increase to
C to keep equation balanced, and
V = Vo Co/C
Definition of DIELECTRIC CONSTANT:
K = C / Co = ratio of the capacitances
V = Vo / K
C 2012 J. F. Becker
Video
17.8 Dielectrics
The molecules in a dielectric tend to become
oriented in a way that reduces the external
field.
The charges induced on the surface of the
dielectric (insulator) reduce the electric field.
“Polarization” of a
dielectric in an
electric field E gives
rise to thin layers of
bound charges on
the dielectric’s
surfaces, creating
surface charge
densities
+si and –si.
A neutral sphere
B in the electric
field of a charged
sphere A is
attracted to the
charged sphere
because of
polarization.
17.8 Dielectrics
This means that the electric field within the
dielectric is less than it would be in air,
allowing more charge to be stored for the
same potential.
“Polarization” of a dielectric in
an electric field E.
17.9 Storage of Electric Energy
A charged capacitor stores electric energy;
the energy stored is equal to the work done
to charge the capacitor.
(17-10)
17.9 Storage of Electric Energy
The energy density, defined as the energy per
unit volume, is the same no matter the origin of
the electric field:
(17-11)
The sudden discharge of electric energy can be
harmful or fatal. Capacitors can retain their
charge indefinitely even when disconnected
from a voltage source – be careful!
17.9 Storage of Electric Energy
Heart defibrillators use electric
discharge to “jump-start” the
heart, and can save lives.
17.10 Cathode Ray Tube: TV and
Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope
A cathode ray tube
contains a wire cathode
that, when heated, emits
electrons. A voltage
source causes the
electrons to travel to the
anode.
17.10 Cathode Ray Tube: TV and
Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope
The electrons can be steered using electric or
magnetic fields.
17.10 Cathode Ray Tube: TV and
Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope
Televisions and computer monitors (except for
LCD and plasma models) have a large
cathode ray tube
as their display.
Variations in the
field steer the
electrons on their
way to the screen.
17.10 Cathode Ray Tube: TV and
Computer Monitors, Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope displays en electrical signal on
a screen, using it to deflect the beam vertically
while it sweeps horizontally.
17.11 The Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Video clip
The electrocardiogram
detects heart defects by
measuring changes in
potential on the surface
of the heart.
#43 page 490
What is the capacitance of a pair of circular
plates with a radius of 5.0 cm separated by
3.2 mm of mica?
#44 page 490
A 3500-pF air gap capacitor is connected to a 22-V
battery. If a piece of mica is placed between the
plates, how much charge will flow from the battery?
#47 on page 490
A cardiac defibrillator is used to shock a
heart that is beating erratically. A
capacitor in this device is charged to 5.0
kV and stores 1200 J of energy. What is
its capacitance?
Homework:
#42 and #46
Page 490
Kahoot 17-7 through 17-8
Summary of Chapter 17
• Electric potential energy:
• Electric potential difference: work done to
move charge from one point to another
• Relationship between potential difference
and field:
Summary of Chapter 17
• Equipotential: line or surface along which
potential is the same
• Electric potential of a point charge:
• Electric dipole potential:
Summary of Chapter 17
• Capacitor: nontouching conductors carrying
equal and opposite charge
•Capacitance:
• Capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor:
Summary of Chapter 17
• A dielectric is an insulator
• Dielectric constant gives ratio of total field to
external field
• Energy density in electric field: