Transcript Part 1

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Chapter 24
Gauss’s Law
24.1 Electric Flux
24.2 Gauss’s Law
24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to
Various Charge Distributions
24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic
Equilibrium
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24.1 Electric Flux
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• The total number of lines penetrating the
surface is proportional to the product EA.
• This product of the magnitude of the electric
field E and surface area A perpendicular to
the field is called the electric flux
• From the SI units of E and A, we see that ΦE
has units of newton-meters squared per
coulomb (N.m2/C)
• Electric flux is proportional to the number
of electric field lines penetrating some
surface.
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Example 24.1 Electric Flux Through a Sphere
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• What is the electric flux through a sphere that
has a radius of 1.00 m and carries a charge of
+1.00μC at its center?
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• If the surface under consideration is not
perpendicular to the field.
• the number of lines that cross this area A is
equal to the number that cross the area A'.
• the two areas are related by A' = A cosθ.
• the flux through A is
• the flux through a surface of fixed area A has a
maximum value EA when the surface is
perpendicular to the field
• the flux is zero when the surface is parallel to
the field
• Consider a general surface divided up into
a large number of small elements, each of
area ΔA.
• It is convenient to define a vector ΔAi
whose magnitude represents the area of
the ith element of the surface and whose
direction is defined to be perpendicular to
the surface element,
• The electric field Ei at the location of this
element makes an angle θi with the vector
ΔAi
• The electric flux ΔΦE through this element
is
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• The general definition of electric flux is
a surface integral
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The flux through a closed surface
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▫ At the element labeled , the field
lines are crossing the surface from
the inside to the outside and
θ<90°; hence, the flux ΔΦE=E.ΔA1
through this element is positive.
▫ For element , the field lines
graze the surface (perpendicular
to the vector ΔA2); thus, θ=90°
and the flux is zero.
▫ For elements such as , where the
field lines are crossing the surface
from outside to inside, 180°> θ >
90° and the flux is negative
because cosθ is negative.
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• The net flux through the surface is proportional
to the net number of lines leaving the surface,
where the net number means the number
leaving the surface minus the number entering
the surface.
• where En represents the component of the
electric field normal to the surface.
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Example 24.2 Flux Through a Cube
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• Consider a uniform electric field E oriented in
the x direction. Find the net electric flux
through the surface of a cube of edge length l
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