Transcript Students know

Motion and Forces: 1.0
Newton’s Laws predict the motion of
most objects.
What does it mean?
Objects move in predictable ways that can be
described by scientific laws that were first
developed by Isaac Newton.
Motion and Forces: 1a
Students know how to solve
problems that involve constant
speed and average speed.
What does it mean?
Calculations involving speed can be based on a
constant speed or an average speed.
d = vt
Motion and Forces : 1b
Students know that when forces are
balanced (Fnet = 0), no acceleration occurs;
thus an object continues to move at a
constant speed or stays at rest (Newton's 1st
Law).
What does it mean?
According Newton’s 1st Law, the motion of an
object does not change unless a force affects it.
Without the action of a force, a moving object
continues to move at a constant speed and an
object not moving remains motionless.
Motion and Forces: 1c
1c. Students know how to apply the law
Fnet=ma to solve one-dimensional motion
problems that involve constant forces
(Newton's 2nd law).
What does it mean?
According to Newton’s 2nd Law, force is
proportional to both mass and acceleration. If you
know 2 of these 3 values: Force(Fnet), mass(m) and
acceleration (a), you can calculate the third value
using Fnet = ma
Motion and Forces: 1d
Students know that when one object exerts a
force on a second object, the second object
always exerts a force of equal magnitude and
in the opposite direction (Newton's 3rd law).
What does it mean?
According to Newton’s 3rd Law, force always occur
in equal and opposite pairs. If one object pushes
on a second object, the second object pushes back
on the first, with a force that has the same
magnitude.
Motion and Forces: 1e
Students know the relationship between
the universal law of gravitation and the
effect of gravity on an object at the
surface of Earth.
What does it mean?
The universal law of gravitation starts that the gravitational
force between any two particles of matter is proportional to
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them. This force acting between them.
This force acting between Earth and an object on its surface
causes the object to fall toward Earth.
Motion and Forces: 1f
Students know applying a force to an object
perpendicular to the direction of its motion
causes the object to change direction but not
speed (e.g., Earth's gravitational force causes a
satellite in a circular orbit to change direction
but not speed).
What does it mean?
When a force is applied to a moving object directly from the
side, the object will change direction but will continue
moving at the same speed. An example of this is the
gravitational force that keeps a satellite in orbit by
constantly changing the direction of its motion.
Motion and Forces: 1g
Students know circular motion requires
the application of a constant force
directed toward the center of the circle.
What does it mean?
For an object to have a circular motion, a constant
force toward the center of the circle is needed to
continuously change its direction.
Motion and Forces: 1h
*Students know Newton's laws are not exact
but provide very good approximations unless
an object is moving close to the speed of light
or is small enough that quantum effects are
important.
What does it mean?
Newton’s laws are based on observations of objects moving
much slower than the speed of light. Under these
conditions, the laws provide a good approximation of actual
motion. When objects move near the speed of light, the
other factors become important, so Newton’s laws no
longer provide and adequate description of motion.
Motion and Forces: 1i
*Students know how to solve
two-dimensional trajectory
problems.
What does it mean?
Moving objects are affected by gravity move in a
two-dimensional path that can be calculated by
combining the object’s motion in one direction and
the effect of gravitational force in another
direction.
Motion and Forces: 1j
*Students know how to resolve twodimensional vectors into their components
and calculate the magnitude and direction of
a vector from its components.
What does it mean?
In order to calculate motion and the effects of
forces, the motion of an object can be described as
a combination of two vectors or motions in two
directions at right angles to one another.
Motion and Forces: 1k
*Students know how to solve two-
dimensional problems involving
balanced forces (statics).
What does it mean?
When an object is not moving, all the forces acting
on it are balanced. If some of the forces are known,
others can be calculated.
Motion and Forces: 1l
*Students know how to solve problems
in circular motion by using the formula
for centripetal acceleration in the
following form: a=v2/r.
What does it mean?
Motion of an object in a circular path can be
calculated using centripetal acceleration.
Motion and Forces: 1m
*Students know how to solve problems involving
the forces between two electric charges at a
distance (Coulomb's law) or the forces between
two masses at a distance (universal gravitation).
What does it mean?
Problems involving electric force and gravitational
force between two objects are solved using inverse
square laws, such that the farther apart the objects
are, the weaker the force between them will be.
Energy & Momentum: 2.0
The laws of conservation of energy and
momentum provide a way to predict
and describe the movement of objects.
What does it mean?
Energy and momentum are not destroyed. Instead,
they are transferred in ways that can be used to
predict the motion of objects.
Energy and Momentum: 2a
Students know how to calculate
kinetic energy by using the formula
E=(1/2)mv2
What does it mean?
A moving object has energy of motion, or kinetic
energy, which is proportional to its mass and to the
square of its velocity. Kinetic energy (E) can be
calculated using the formula: E=(1/2)mv2.
Energy and Momentum: 2b
Students know how to calculate changes in
gravitational potential energy near Earth by using
the formula (change in potential energy) =mgh (h is
the change in the elevation).
What does it mean?
Objects have stored or potential energy due to
their position. The gravitational potential energy of
an object near Earth can be calculated using the
formula: Change in potential energy=mgh, where
m is the mass of the object, g is the acceleration
due to gravity, and h is the change in height of the
object.
Energy and Momentum: 2c
Students know how to solve problems
involving conservation of energy in
simple systems, such as falling objects.
What does it mean?
Energy is not created or destroyed, so the amount
of energy that is transferred in a simple system
such as a falling object, can be calculated from the
energies of parts of the system before and after a
change.
Energy and Momentum: 2d
Students know how to calculate
momentum as the product mv.
What does it mean?
Momentum is a property of a moving object that is
defined as the product of its mass and its velocity.
The formula for momentum is p=mv
Energy and Momentum: 2e
Students know momentum is a
separately conserved quantity
different from energy.
What does it mean?
Momentum is a property of a moving object that
includes its mass and its velocity. When objects
collide, momentum is conserved. That means that
total momentum is the same before and after the
collision.
Energy and Momentum: 2f
Students know an unbalanced force
on an object produces a change in
its momentum.
What does it mean?
Because velocity is a factor in momentum, an
unbalanced force causes momentum to change by
changing the motion of an object.
Energy and Momentum: 2g
Students know how to solve problems
involving elastic and inelastic collisions in one
dimension by using the principles of
conservation of momentum and energy.
What does it mean?
There are two types of collisions, elastic and inelastic. In an
elastic collision, the two objects collide and travel in
separate directions, and in an inelastic collision, two objects
collide and travel together. Energy and momentum are
conserved in both types of collision, but how they are
transferred differs.
Energy and Momentum: 2h
*Students know how to solve problems
involving conservation of energy in simple
systems with various sources of potential
energy, such as capacitors and springs.
What does it mean?
It is possible to calculate how energy is conserved
and transferred in simple systems, such as
capacitors and springs, by accounting for changes
in potential energy.
Heat and Thermodynamics: 3.0
Energy cannot be created or destroyed,
although in many processes energy is
transferred to the environment as heat.
What does it mean?
Energy is never created or destroyed, but it can be
transferred from one place to another as heat.
Heat and Thermodynamics: 3a
Students know heat flow and work
are two forms of energy transfer
between systems.
What does it mean?
Many processes transfer energy from one material
to another. Heat and work are two ways that
energy is transferred.
Heat and Thermodynamics: 3b
Students know that the work done by a heat engine that is
working in a cycle is the difference between the heat flow
into the engine at high temperature and the heat flow out
at a lower temperature (first law of thermodynamics) and
that this is an example of the law of conservation of energy.
What does it mean?
Machines that transfer heat, such as steam engines and
refrigerators, have a cycle in which heat is transferred into
and out of the engine. The work done by the engine is the
difference between the heat transferred in and the heat
transferred out of the engine. This is an example of the
conservation of energy.
Heat and Thermodynamics: 3c
Students know the internal energy of an object includes the
energy of random motion of the object's atoms and
molecules, often referred to as thermal energy. The greater
the temperature of the object, the greater the energy of
motion of the atoms and molecules that make up the
object.
What does it mean?
Matter is made of particles that are in constant
motion. The temperature of an object increases as
the average kinetic energy of these particles
increases, which means that the particles are
moving faster.
Heat and Thermodynamics: 3d
Students know that most processes tend to
decrease the order of a system over time and
that energy levels are eventually distributed
uniformly.
What does it mean?
When energy is transferred in a system, the
amount of order tends to decrease over time and
the level of energy is distributed evenly over the
whole system. An example of this is the transfer of
heat from warmer objects to cooler objects.
Heat and Thermodynamics: 3e
Students know that entropy is a quantity
that measures the order or disorder of a
system and that this quantity is larger for
a more disordered system.
What does it mean?
The amount of order in the arrangement of
particles in a system can vary from very ordered to
very disordered. Entropy is a measure of the
amount of order in the system. An increase in the
entropy value means that disorder increases.
Heat and Thermodynamics: 3f
* Students know the statement "Entropy
tends to increase" is a law of statistical
probability that governs all closed
systems (second law of
thermodynamics).
What does it mean?
Because there are more possible conditions of
disorder than of order, the amount of disorder in a
system, and in the universe, tends to increase over
time. This tendency is frequently stated as
“Entropy tends to increase.”
Heat and Thermodynamics: 3g
* Students know how to solve problems
involving heat flow, work, and efficiency in a
heat engine and know that all real engines
lose some heat to their surroundings.
What does it mean?
The operation of heat engines can be described and
calculated using equations relating heat, work, and the
efficiency of the engine. No heat engine can convert 100%
of the energy available to work because some energy is lost
as heat to the engine’s environment.
Waves: 4.0
Waves have characteristic properties
that do not depend on the type of wave.
What does it mean?
There are some properties of waves that apply to
every type of wave, such as ocean waves, sound
waves, and light waves. These characteristic
properties can be used to understand how waves
act.
Waves: 4a
Students know waves carry energy
from one place to another.
What does it mean?
Waves carry energy in the form of motion or
electromagnetic energy away from a source.
Waves: 4b
Students know how to identify transverse
and longitudinal waves in mechanical
media, such as springs and ropes, and on
the earth (seismic waves).
What does it mean?
There are two types of waves that are carried by the motion
of particles. In transverse waves, particles move in a
direction perpendicular to the direction of the wave itself.
In a longitudinal wave, particles move in a direction of the
wave.
Waves: 4c
Students know how to solve problems
involving wavelength, frequency, and
wave speed.
What does it mean?
Every wave has three characteristics – wavelength,
frequency, and wave speed – that are related and
can be calculated using the formula v=fλ, where v is
the sped of the wave, f if its frequency, and λ is the
wavelength.
Waves: 4d
Students know sound is a longitudinal
wave whose speed depends on the
properties of the medium in which it
propagates.
What does it mean?
Sound waves travel in a direction that is parallel to
their vibrations. The speed of sound waves varies
depending on the properties of the material
through which they are traveling.
Waves: 4e
Students know radio waves, light, and X-rays are
different wavelength bands in the spectrum of
electromagnetic waves whose speed in a vacuum is
approximately
3×108 m/s (186,000 miles/second).
What does it mean?
Electromagnetic waves have a wide range of properties,
depending on their wavelength, but they all have the same
wave speed in a vacuum – about
3 x 108 m/s (186,000 miles/second). Radio waves, visible
light, and X-rays are terms used to describe three of the
bands of wavelengths within the whole range of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Waves: 4f
Students know how to identify the
characteristic properties of waves:
interference (beats), diffraction,
refraction, Doppler effect, and
polarization.
What does it mean?
All waves gave characteristic properties that include
interference (how waves affect one another), diffraction
and refraction (how waves are affected by motion), the
Doppler effect (how waves are affected by motion), and
polarization (how waves are affected by their direction in
space).
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena:5.0
Electric and magnetic phenomena are
related and have many practical
applications.
What does it mean?
Electricity and magnetism are related to
one another and people can take
advantage of them for practical uses.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5a
Students know how to predict the
voltage or current in simple direct
current (DC) electric circuits constructed
from batteries, wires, resistors, and
capacitors.
What does it mean?
The voltage and current in a circuit can be
calculated from the properties of the parts
of the circuit, including batteries, wires,
resisters and capacitors.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5b
Students know how to solve problems
involving Ohm's law.
What does it mean?
Ohm’s law can be used to describe the behavior of
materials that have a constant resistance over a range of
voltages. Ohm’s law states the relationship of resistance (R),
potential difference (V), and current (I) suing the formula
R=V/I
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5c
Students know any resistive element in a DC circuit
dissipates energy, which heats the resistor. Students can
calculate the power (rate of energy dissipation) in any
resistive circuit element by using the formula Power = IR
(potential difference) × I (current) = I2R.
What does it mean?
When an electric current passes through a material that
resists its flow, some of the electrical energy is converted to
heat. The amount of heat produced can be calculated using
the formula: Power=I2R, where I is the current and R is the
resistance (IR is equal to the voltage).
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5d
Students know the properties of
transistors and the role of transistors
in electric circuits.
What does it mean?
A transistor is a device made of layers whose
current carrying ability can be controlled with a
change in voltage. They are used as switches that
allow a small current to turn a larger current on or
off.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5e
Students know charged particles are
sources of electric fields and are subject
to the forces of the electric fields from
other charges.
What does it mean?
Electric fields are a property of charged particles,
such as electrons. The electric fields of particles are
forces that affect one another.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5f
Students know magnetic materials and
electric currents (moving electric charges) are
sources of magnetic fields and are subject to
forces arising from the magnetic fields of
other sources.
What does it mean?
The two sources of magnetic fields are magnetic
materials and the motion of electric charges
(electric current). Magnetic fields from different
sources affect one another.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5g
Students know how to determine the
direction of a magnetic field produced by
a current flowing in a straight wire or in a
coil.
What does it mean?
The direction of the magnetic field produced by a
current flowing in a wire or coil can be determined
if the direction of the electric current flow is
known.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5h
Students know changing magnetic fields
produce electric fields, thereby inducing
currents in nearby conductors.
What does it mean?
Because electric and magnetic fields are related, a
moving magnetic field produces an electric field.
These electric fields can produce electric currents
in conductors that are near the moving magnetic
field.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5i
Students know plasmas, the fourth state
of matter, contain ions or free electrons
or both and conduct electricity.
What does it mean?
A plasma is a state of matter consisting of charged
particles such as ion and or free electrons. Because
the particles are charged, plasmas can conduct
electricity.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5j
*Students know electric and
magnetic fields contain energy and
act as vector force fields.
What does it mean?
Electric fields and magnetic fields contain
and transfer energy. They can be described
as vectors because the fields have strength
and direction.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5k
*Students know the force on a charged
particle in an electric field is qE, where E is
the electric field at the position of the
particle and q is the charge of the particle.
What does it mean?
The strength the force affecting a charged particle in an
electric field can be calculated using the formula
F = qE, where F is the electric force, q is the charge on the
particle and E is the strength of the electric field at the
location of the particle.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5l
*Students know how to calculate the
electric field resulting from a point
charge.
What does it mean?
The strength of an electric field depends on the magnitude
of the electrical charge and the distance from the charge.
Electric field strength can be calculated using the formula,
E=kcq/r2, where E is the field strength, kc is a constant, q is
the charge at the source, and r is the distance from the
source.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5m
*Students know how to calculate the
electric field resulting from a point
charge.
What does it mean?
Static electric fields are caused by the
position of charged particles.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5n
* Students know the magnitude of the force on a
moving particle (with charge q) in a magnetic field is
qvB sin(a), where a is the angle between v and B (v
and B are the magnitudes of vectors v and B,
respectively), and students use the right-hand rule
to find the direction of this force.
What does it mean?
The magnitude and direction of the force on a moving
charged particle in a magnetic field can be calculated bys
separating the forces into vector components.
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5o
*Students know how to apply the
concepts of electrical and gravitational
potential energy to solve problems
involving conservation of energy
What does it mean?
Electrical potential energy and gravitational
potential energy are forms of energy that are based
on the charge or position of an object. Energy is
conserved when kinetic energy is converted into
any form of potential energy.
Investigation and Experimentation
Scientific progress is made by asking
meaningful questions and
conducting careful investigations.
What does it mean?
Scientists learn more about the world by asking questions.
They find answers to these questions through investigations
and experiments. To understand this and understand the
other four strands, students should ask their own questions
and carry out their own investigations.
Investigation and Experimentation: a
Select and use appropriate tools and
technology (such as computer-linked probes,
spreadsheets, and graphing calculators) to
perform tests, collect data, analyze
relationships, and display data.
What does it mean?
Choose and use the right tools and equipment (such as
probes connected to computers, spreadsheets software
that makes data tables, and calculators that plot graphs) to
make observations, and to collect information, interpret
information, and display information.
Investigation and Experimentation: b
Identify and communicate sources
of unavoidable experimental error.
What does it mean?
Name and discuss the sources of
unavoidable mistakes that are made when
experiments are conducted.
Investigation and Experimentation: c
Identify possible reasons for
inconsistent results, such as sources
of error or uncontrolled conditions.
What does it mean?
Name possible reasons that the information gathered in an
experiment is different from what was expected. For
example, it may not be possible to avoid some mistakes, or
there may be more than one variable in an experiment.
Investigation and Experimentation: d
Formulate explanations by using
logic and evidence.
What does it mean?
Base explanations on well-reasoned
interpretations of data.
Investigation and Experimentation: e
Solve scientific problems by using
quadratic equations and simple
trigonometric, exponential, and
logarithmic functions.
What does it mean?
Use various mathematical equations and
functions to solve science problems.
Investigation and Experimentation: f
Distinguish between hypothesis and
theory as scientific terms.
What does it mean?
Explain how, in science, a hypothesis is
different from a theory.
Investigation and Experimentation: g
Recognize the usefulness and limitations
of models and theories as scientific
representations of reality.
What does it mean?
Examine how models and theories are useful tools
used by scientists to represent real objects and
phenomena, but they do have limitations.
Investigation and Experimentation: i
Analyze the locations, sequences, or time intervals
that are characteristic of natural phenomena (e.g.,
relative ages of rocks, locations of planets over time,
and succession of species in an ecosystem).
What does it mean?
Look at natural processes, such as the formation of rocks.
Motion of planets, and succession of species, that operate I
locations and time sequences or cycles that can be analyzed
by scientific investigation.
Investigation and Experimentation: j
Recognize the issues of statistical
variability and the need for controlled
tests.
What does it mean?
Identify and understand the variability of results
and that controlled tests can limit the variation.
Investigation and Experimentation: k
Recognize the cumulative nature of
scientific evidence.
What does it mean?
Understand that new scientific knowledge is
built on and extends knowledge that was
obtained previously by scientists.
Investigation and Experimentation: l
Analyze situations and solve
problems that require combining
and applying concepts from more
than one area of science.
What does it mean?
The branches of science are not isolated
fields of knowledge. Concepts from
investigations in one field of science can be
applied to other fields.
IEl. How can the physical properties of waves be
used to develop a model of the interior Earth?
A. The energy of waves beneath the surface is related
to temperature of the interior.
B. Tides within the material beneath Earth’s surface
cause waves related to the structure of the
material.
C. The speed and direction travel of seismic waves
beneath the surface is related to the materials of
the medium.
D. The size and shape of ocean waves is affected by
Earth’s gravity.
Investigation and Experimentation: m
Investigate a science-based societal issue by researching the
literature, analyzing data, and communicating the findings.
Examples of issues include irradiation of food, cloning of
animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer, choice of energy
sources, and land and water use decisions in California.
What does it mean?
Look into a current science topic that affects society by
studying written information, examining data, and reporting
what has been learned. Examples of topics include treating
food with radiation, cloning animals by exchanging cell
parts, choosing ways to get energy, and making decisions
about how to use water and land in California.
Investigation and Experimentation: n
Know that when an observation does not agree with an
accepted scientific theory, the observation is sometimes
mistaken or fraudulent (e.g., the Piltdown Man fossil or
unidentified flying objects) and that the theory is
sometimes wrong (e.g., the Ptolemaic model of the
movement of the Sun, Moon, and planets).
What does it mean?
Understand that when information gathered does not
match an idea agreed on by scientists, the information is
sometimes wrong (for example, seeing flying saucers) and
sometimes, the scientific idea is wrong (for example, the
idea that the Sun revolves around Earth.)