Transcript 工作分配27.1~27.6 夢竹27.7~27.12 婷筠

Chapter 27
Population
Growth,Resource
Use,and Sustainability
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報告人 : 95230022 黃婷筠
95230037 潘夢竹
指導教授 : 王瑋龍 老師
工作分配
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27.1~27.6 夢竹
27.7~27.12 婷筠
 “the frontier was closed” →
The process of exploiting inexhaustible
resources had come to an end.
 The Census Bureau declared
In 1890 → 63 million
fivefold
300 million
人類對於資源的需求隨著科技和經濟的進步不成比例
地成長，利用自然資源的速度持續地朝向快速的腳步
前進。
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The consumption of
resource is driven by two factors
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 The total number of individuals.
( population size)
 The per capita rate of consumption.
Fig. 27.1a Trends in Population
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Fig. 27.1b-d per capita resourse use
over the past 50 years
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族群大小與使
用資源的速度皆為
持續穩定的成長!!
有限資源
v.s. 無窮欲望
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Environmental Sustainability
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 Natural capital (自然資本)
Such as the air, water, soil, nutrient, forests,
grasslands, and so forth.
 The ability to sustain the exploitation of
natural capital to meet the growing human
needs.
27.1 Sustainable Resource Use Is a
Balance Between Supply and Demand
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 Sustainability is widely used as a concept
but rarely is a quantitative definition
provided.
 Sustainable Yield ( 持續的產量 )
 Sustainable yield is one of matching
periodic harvests to the rate of biological
growth.
使生物的成長速率和週期性的產量間合適地配合
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Fig.27.2
A simple
model of
resource
use.
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The rate of resource use is limited
by the resource supply rate.
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Fig.27.3
The Aral Sea
The demise was
caused primarily
by the diversion
of the inflowing
Amu Dar’ya and
Syr Dar’ya rivers
to provide
irrigation water
for local
croplands.
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In 1963 →
66100 km2
In 1987 →
27000 km2
About 60 % had
been lost,
The changes in the extent of the
and its salt
concentration had Aral Sea from 1960 to 2002.
Fig.27.3 (b)
doubled.
Fig. 27.3b The graphic shows changes in the
extent of the Aral Sea
from
1960
to
2002.
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An Assumption of Model of
Sustainable Resource Use
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 The resource is renewable →
able to resupply or regenerate.
Sustainable Resource Use
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 Trees in a forest plantation
 Yield → 一定時間內收穫的資源數量(生物量)
 Rotation Period (Harvest Interval) →
一段時間讓新的樹長大以及讓資源數量回復到採收前的階段
 Sustained Yield → 每一次採收為穩定相同的產量
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長成樹木的
數量
為了達到持續的
產量
(sustainable
yield) ，每次
的收穫期之間，
需要一段充足的
時間，使資源的
生物量回復到採
收前的階段。
Rotation
Time
Fig.27.4a
Rotation time will depend on the growth
rate of the species and site conditions that
influence forest productivity.
採收的生物量
(產量)減少
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減少the
rotation time
,就沒有足夠的
時間讓森林回復
到採收前的狀態
，最後採收的結
果，產量會下降
。
Fig. 27.4b
Rotation
Time 縮短
Review Fig.27.4
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達到sustained yield
未達到sustained yield
Nonsustainable Resource Use
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 The Aral Sea
 Mineral resources
( such as Al, Zn, Cu, etc.)
Output >
Input
 Fossil fuels
非可更新的資源
( such as coal, oil, and
(nonrenewable)
natural gas )
27.2 Sustainbility Can Be Indirectly Limited by
Adverse Consequence of Resource Use
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 Ecosystem Services →
環境產生資源(natural capital)的過程
 Waste → Pollution
 The Aral Sea
Salt pollution
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 降低農業的實用性，以及摧毀牧場的牧草種植，使豢養




動物(牛羊等)所需飼料缺乏
漁業完全地中止，其它需水的活動(航運等)也下降
伴隨經濟的改變，農業活動課以重稅
飲用水的品質因為鹽分上升、微生物的汙染、殺蟲劑和
重金屬的存在呈現持續下降的狀態
疾病的攀升，像是anemia(貧血), cancer ( throat
cancer), tuberculosis(肺結核), allergies,
typhoid fever(傷寒), viral hepatitis(病毒型肝炎)
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tuberculosis
(肺結核)
空氣飛沫傳染，除咳
嗽、咳血、咳痰，可
能長期發燒、虛弱、
體重莫名減輕等。結
核菌可生活在身體任
何地方。和大多數細
菌不同，可生活在細
胞內躲避免疫系統；
免疫系統為了殺死它
會放出酵素，卻同時
破壞周遭正常的組織
形成鈣化，在顯微鏡
下，看起來是一顆顆
的結核。
圖片來源:
網路維基百科
http://zh.wikipedia.org/
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viral
hepatitis
(病毒性肝炎)
圖片來源:
網路維基百科
http://zh.wikipedia.org/
由病毒造成的肝炎能
引起肝臟細胞腫脹，
是世界上流傳廣泛，
危害很大的傳染病之
一。
1908年，才發現病毒
也是肝炎的致病因素
之一。
圖片來源:
Robbins 病理學
曾嵌元譯
合記圖書出版社
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typhoid
fever (傷寒)
沙門氏桿菌中的傷寒
桿菌經食物和水傳染,
汙染源來自患者的糞
便或尿液，主要症狀
為持續漸增式的發燒
，可達攝氏40-41度,
，伴隨頭痛，身體不
適和發冷，腸胃道症
狀有便秘(主要在大人
)或腹瀉(主要在小孩)
，腹痛,，肝脾腫大，
其他可能出現包括心
跳緩慢， 流鼻血， 軀
幹上有玫瑰色斑點等
。
Rose spots
圖片來源:
CDC(Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention)
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpdvac/typhoid/photos.htm
27.3 Sustainability Is a Concept
Learned from Natural
Ecosystems
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 Natural ecosystems function as
sustainable units.
Primary Productivity and
Decomposition
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 初級生產力：在某特定區域、某特定期間內被自營生物
固定的有機物質的量，植物的生物量因而增加。
 礦(質)化作用(Mineralization) ：有機物在土壤中經
微生物分解(Decomposition)而轉換成無機物的過程
。 例如：氮循環
 植物製造養分的速度和初級生產力不可以超過養分輸入
土壤的速度。 ( Output < 或 = Input )
礦化作用─氮循環為例
N
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有機物中的氮
素是大部分微
生物生存所必
須，大多數為
有機態形式存
在，必須先經
過微生物分解
後釋出無機態
氮素，才能供
生產者吸收利
用。
2
NO3-
固
氮
NH4+
NO2-
Variations in the supply rate of resources
necessary to maintain primary productivity
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 a major constraint on maintaining
sustainable yield
資源供應速率的變動在維持初級生產力是必需
的，它主要可以：維持持續的收穫
27.4 Agricultural Practices Vary
in the Level of Energy Input
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 The vast majority of human food
resources are derived from agriculture
 Only 15 plant and 8 animal species produce
90% of our food supply.
 The seeds of only 3 annual grasses ─ wheat,
rice, and corn(maize).
Native Plant
Species
Selective
Breeding &
Genetic
Modification
The cereal crops
consumed by the
world population.
Agriculture Involves Replacing
Diverse Natural Ecosystems
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 Earth’s ice-free land area
→ 11 % is under cultivation.
→ 25% is used as pasture land for grazing
livestock. ( Cattle and Sheep )
 Monoculture v.s. Polyculture
Agricultural Production Can Be Classified
Into One of Two Broad Categories
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 Industrialized ( Mechanized or Highinput)
Agriculture
→ needs large inputs of energy in the form of fossil
fuels
→ chemical fertilizers, irrigation systems, and
pesticides
→ produces large quantities of crops and livestock
per unit of land area
→ is practiced on about 25 percent of all cropland
→ developed countries
developing regions
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 Traditional ( Lowinput ) Agriculture
→ human labor and draft animals
→ is dominated by subsistence agriculture
→ shifting cultivation and nomadic livestock
herding
27.5 Swidden Agriculture Represents a
Dominant Form of Agriculture in the Wet
Tropics
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 Swidden Agriculture ( Shifting Cultivation)
A method of subsistence farming that is practiced
primarily in the tropical forested regions.
Rotating
Cultivation
Technique
(輪耕技術)
Rotating Cultivation Technique
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 The burning of felled trees and brush serves
two purposes.
First
It removes debris, thus clearing the land for
planting and ensuring that the plot is relatively
free of weeds.
Second
The resulting ash is high in mineral nutrients,
promoting plant growth.
Fig. 27.6 Dynamics of total nitrogen during the
burning and clearing of a forest site
in Turrialba,Costa
Rica.
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單位: kg N / ha ( ha:hectare 1公頃=100公畝=10000平方公尺)
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Fig. 27.7
多種農作物在
熱帶地區裡的
不同地方連續
使用swidden
agricultural
systems幾年
後，生產力的
下降。
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Fig.27.8
開始休耕
CostaRica在輪
耕的循環系統過程
中總氮量的改變
A cycle of
clearing,
harvest,
abandonment,
recovery
15年
Fig. 27.9 Sequence of areas used for swidden
agriculture in the Yucatan region of Mexico.
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Regenerating
forest
One
year
fallow
Newly cleared
for planting
27.6 Industrialized Agriculture
Dominates the Temperate Zone
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 Machines and
fossil fuel energy
 Different crops require
specialized equipment
for planting and
harvest.
Table 27.1 Approximate Amount of Nutrient
Elements Contained in Various Crops
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Grain ( 穀粒 )
Stover (禾莖飼料) :
穀類植物的收割後
的乾燥的莖與葉，
用作飼料。
Straw(禾稈):
脫殼穀物的莖稈
Loblolly Pine
(火炬松)
( 單位： Kg / ha )
Fig. 27.11 A field that has recently been tilled.
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Table 27.2
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Input
Output