Transcript Five Themes - AP Human Geography

Introduction to
AP Human Geography
Mr. Stepek
Geography thru history
• “geography” from the Greek (Eratosthenes)
• “geo” = Earth
• “graph” = to write or describe
•  geography = “to write about or describe the
Earth”
• Aristotle = torrid, temperate and frigid zones
• Ptolemy = wrote Guide to Geography (“Geographica”)
an eight volume series detailing the cities and peoples
of the Earth.
• Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter = “Father(s) of
Modern Geography”
Map scale (relationship of distance on a
map to that in reality) see summer assignment
• Expressed in terms of words, fraction, ratio, or bar
scale
• Large scale = small area
• Small scale = large area
Level of Aggregation (on what
“scale” are you analyzing a
phenomenon)
Must compare “apples to apples”!!!
Models: Abstract generalization to help
explain a common pattern.
Spatial models show
commonalities in the
patters of similar
landscapes
Non-spatial models
shows a pattern related
to geography in a graph
or from other than a
map.
Distribution: use special terms to describe
spatial relationships and their organization.
• Density: how often an object occurs within a given area
or space (used often with population)
• Arithmetic density = occurrence or population/total area
• Physiological density = population/arable (farmable) land
• measures ability of area to feed its population
• Agricultural density
• measures farming efficiency/modernization
• Concentration: refers to the proximity over the area in
which an item is spread.
• Cluster/agglomeration = close together
• Dispersed/scattered = spread out
• Pattern: how things are organized within their space.
• Linear = along a straight line (any other descriptive shape as
well)
• Centralized = grouped together
two-dimensional surface” = Map
Projections
Mercator Projections (1569)
Classic distortion example:
South America vs. Greenland
Robinson Projection
Peters Projection
Goode’s “Interrupted” projection
All projections have some degree of distortion:
size, shape, distance, or direction
Map legend/key
• For analysis
purposes
special
attention
MUST be
placed on the
map index or
legend
• Identifies scale
• Identifies
symbols
• Identifies color
Thematic Types of Maps: choropleth
• unit is assigned color
• best = shades of same color
• darker = greater
• strength
• shows dominance of a trait
• weakness
• level of aggregation/generalization
must be considered.
• could give false conclusion
• must compare “apples to apples”
Thematic Types of Maps: dot maps
• dots indicate the #
of occurrences in a
given area
• provides a spatial
pattern
• Shows
pattern/concentratio
n
• Best for raw data,
not ratios or
normalized data
• early use of GIS
Thematic Types of Maps:
isoline/isopleth
• similar data is connected by
lines
• Always use for elevation
• Ex: barometric pressure on
weather maps
• Data bands assigned colors =
isopleth
maps
Shows movement of people, information, and goods
between places
Types of Maps: Topographic
Reflects the Earth’s physical features
(terrain, elevation)
Graphs in the form of “maps”:
Cartograms
• Distorts size of a map units to allow comparison of data.
• more of a “graph” concept than a map = graph in map form
2008 Election Results
Five Themes of Geography
•Location • Where? (most basic question)
• How can this location be
•Place
described?
•Region
• With what other locations does
this place share certain
•Interaction characteristics?
• How have humans and the
environment affected each other
in this location?
• How has this location been
affected by the flow of people,
•Movement
Five Themes of Geography
mnemonic
•Movement
•Region
•Location
•Interaction
•Place
= “Mr.
Lip”
Two ways to describe a “location”
• Using latitude and longitude
• Latitude (parallels) = horizontal lines
• Absolute or
• measure distance N/S from Equator
“Exact”
• climate
location
• Longitude (meridians) = vertical lines
• measured in distance E/W of Prime Meridian
• 180 E or W = International Date Line
• time
• Another type = street addresses, “townships”
Two ways to describe a “location”
• where something is, in reference to someplace else.
• Relative
• “Illinois is south of Wisconsin”
location
• San Francisco is 350 miles north of L.A.
• can hint at the importance of a location
Location Tools
• GPS (Global Positioning System)
• uses satellites to pinpoint location,
direction, velocity
• often used for
•
•
•
•
civilian navigation
mapmaking and surveying
commerce
hobbies
• geocaching
• “hi-tech treasure hunt”
Location Tools (continued)
• GIS (geographic info. system)
• computer hardware and
software permits
storage/analysis of data in layers
• Ghost Map (Snow/Cholera)
• Remote sensing
• collect data with tools while
physically distant from the area.
• areas are dangerous/inaccessible
Place: how can a location be
described?
Physical
• toponym = place name
• Chicago = “skunk place”
• swamp where wild onions grew
• Michigan = “large water”
• “Half Day Road”
• climate and vegetation
• Koppen’s climate classification
• 5 main regions furthered
subdivided by temperature and
precipitation
• Biomes (ecosystems)
• Examples: forest, grassland,
savanna, desert
People
Koppen’s climate classification
Place: how can a location be
described?
Physical
• toponym = place name
• climate and vegetation
• terrain/landform
• mountainous, flat, coastal
• built terrain
• type and density of construction
People
• toponyms
• England = “Land of the
Angles”
• “New England”, “Greektown”
• demographics
• “demo” = people
•  “to describe people”
• population/cultural stats
• ethnicity, language, religion
• age & gender, economic stats
• density
Region: commonalities between places
• 3 ways to discuss region
• Formal or uniform = homogeneous characteristics shared by
places.
• area where everybody speaks the same language
• uniform terrain or physical features
• jurisdictions (everyone is subject to same laws)
Formal regions
Region: commonalities between places
• 3 ways to discuss region
• Functional or nodal = organized around a central point.
• market areas are the best example
• Radio stations, zip codes, delivery areas, etc.
Functional region
Region: commonalities between places
• 3 ways to discuss region
• Perceptual or vernacular = based on a person’s cultural
identity, shared values, cultural landscape, “in our minds” =
mental map
• Midwest, “Rust Belt”, “Middle America”
• South, “Bible Belt”, “Deep South”
• Neighborhood designations
Perceptual or vernacular regions
Perceptual regions are often
contradictory
Interaction: the relationship between
humans and their environment.
Adaptation
• How do humans  to better fit
into their environment.
• Clothing, housing, behavior
• New Yorkers often don’t own
cars.
•
Too crowded, too hard to park
Modification
Interaction: the relationship between
humans and their environment.
Adaptation
Modification
• How do humans  to better fit • How do humans  their
environment to better suit
into their environment.
themselves, examples:
• Clothing, housing, behavior
• New Yorkers often don’t own
cars.
•
•
Too crowded, too hard to park
Use the subway or walk
• Cultural ecology = Carl Sauer
• Environmental determinism vs.
possibilism
• Does our environment determine
who we are or simply give us
possibilities?
• infrastructure
• public improvements
• engineering
• New York City
• largest subway in world
Interaction: the relationship between
humans and their environment.
Adaptation
Modification
• How do humans  to better fit • How do humans  their
environment to better suit
into their environment.
themselves, examples:
• Clothing, housing, behavior
• New Yorkers often don’t own
cars.
•
•
Too crowded, too hard to park
Use the subway or walk
• Cultural ecology = Carl Sauer
• Environmental determinism vs.
possibilism
• Does our environment determine
who we are or simply give us
possibilities?
• infrastructure
• public improvements
• engineering
• New York City
•
•
•
•
•
largest subway in world
sewer system
bridges and tunnels
Lower Manhattan landfill
Central Park
• Natural oasis in the
midst of urban density
Modification
Movement (people = “migration”)
• sequent occupance
• stages of human occupation over time
• Reflects impact of different groups on a place
• Each group leaves their mark
• Example: Can you name this neighborhood
• Irish, Germans  Czech  Mexicans  hipsters
• PILSEN
Movement (of ideas/culture =
“diffusion”)
hearth = place of origination
1) Relocation diffusion spread thru migration
2) Expansion diffusion
a) Contagious
•
fast, widespread to those in contact or adjacent (like disease)
b) Hierarchical
•
spread through nodes of power or influence or authority
Movement (of ideas/culture =
“diffusion”)
hearth = place of origination
1) Relocation diffusion spread thru migration
2) Expansion diffusion
a) Contagious
•
fast, widespread to those in contact or adjacent (like disease)
b) Hierarchical
•
spread through nodes of power or influence or authority
c) Stimulus
•
underlying principles/idea spread but not end product
• Barriers to diffusion
• physical and cultural barriers
• distance decay (Tobler’s Law)
• Time-space compression
• reduction of time it takes for movement
• especially quickened by the internet
Globalization
set of processes that are:
- increasing interactions
- deepening relationships
- heightening
interdependence
set of outcomes that
are:
- unevenly distributed
- varying across scales
- differently manifested
without regard to
country borders
throughout the world.
“Site and Situation”
• combines “physical place” concepts and “relative
location” to explain the importance of a place.
• site = what gives a location its distinctive character
• situation = how the “site” factors give this location
importance (what connections does it facilitate? what
• London advantages do the site factors give?)
• Site:
• island
• Thames River = estuary
• North Atlantic
• Situation
• Protected from invasion
ideal for trade
• 1530 = 50,000
• 1625 = 225,000
New York City “Site and Situation”
Site
Situation
• island
•
• Atlantic coast
• large, natural, deepwater harbor
•
• mouth of Hudson River
• Erie Canal (1825)
ideal for shipping
• docks numerous and protected
• triangular trade, connect to Europe
connects to the interior
• before RRs
• ship through Great Lakes
• Access to raw materials
• center of commerce and trade
• overtakes Philly as largest port
• mountains to west form• inland movement limited → can
barrier
support a large population
• mouth of Hudson River • 1 of 3 dominant global cities
• abundant fresh water