Transcript File - Coach​ Parsons` World Geography

Human
Geography:
South Asia
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION AROUND THE INDUS
RIVER
 Civilization began
around 2500 BCE in the
Indus River Valley
(present day Pakistan)
 Well planned cities
(Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro),
brick buildings,
sophisticated sanitation
British Imperialism
• European’s came to the area looking for spices
• By 1858, the British gained control of the area
and established direct rule (period called the raj)
British Imperialism
• India = Britain’s “Jewel in the Crown”
• Why?
• During industrialization, India was the main
supplier of raw materials & potential
consumers
• British restrictions:
• India must produce raw materials for
manufacturing
• Buy British goods
• Indian competition was prohibited
Impact of British Imperialism
Negatives
1) British held most of the
pol & econ power
2) British restricted Indianowned industries
3) Emphasis on cash crops
resulted in a loss of selfsufficiency (famine)
4) Increased presence of
missionaries & racist
attitudes threatened
traditional Indian life
Positives
1) Laying of world’s 3rd
largest railroad networks
(development of modern
economy & unity)
2) Building of infrastructure
3) Sanitation and public
health improved
4) Schools & colleges
5) British helped rid the land
of bandits & put an end to
local warfare
Nationalism in India
• Late 1800s
• Indians wanted greater role in government
• Did not want to continue being treated as secondclass citizens within their own country
• Feeling increased
after partition of
Bengal (1905)
Partition
• British claimed area (India)
was too large for efficient
governing
• Split into Hindu section &
Muslim section
• Benefits British b/c harder for
divided regions to unite
against them
• NW & Eastern region of India
becomes Pakistan
• Pakistan divided into East &
West
British Responses to India’s
Nationalism
Rowlatt Acts
Amritsar Massacre
• 1919
• Laws allowing the
government to jail
protestors without trial
for as long as two years
• Enacted to curb
dissent in India
• Gandhi frequently
jailed
• In response to Rowlatt Acts
• 10,000 Hindus & Muslims
flocked to Amritsar (major city
in the Punjab)
• Intent = fast, pray & listen to
speeches
• Demonstration alarmed British
• British ban on public meetings
(protestors unaware)
• British commander opened fire
believing the people were defying
the ban
Salt March
• (1930) Organized by Gandhi to protest Salt Acts
• British laws stating that Indians could buy salt from no
other source except the British gov’t (and paid a sales
tax)
• Salt March:
• Gandhi & followers walked 240 miles to the seacoast
• Once there, began making salt by collecting seawater
and letting it evaporate
• Outcome of Salt March:
• British gov’t passed the Government of India Act
• Provided for local self-gov’t and limited democratic elections
Mohandas Gandhi
 Demands for
India’s
independence
were led by
Gandhi in India
• Movement based on
non-violent
resistance (civil
disobedience)
• Examples of civil
disobedience?
India gains Independence (1947)
• August 15, 1947
• Jawaharlal Nehru becomes India’s first
prime minister
• Leadership moved India forward
• (1) Reorganization of states by
language;
• (2) Pushed for social reforms &
industrialization;
• (3) Elevation of lower castes/those at
the bottom; &
• (4) Expanded the rights of women
East Punjab
• Region in extreme NE India
• Occupied primarily by the Sikhs
• Sikhs want East Punjab to become
an independent state just as India and Pakistan
• PROBLEM!!!
• The majority of agricultural output
within India comes from this region
– India is NOT going to let the
East Punjab region separate and
gain independence
Bangladesh
Independence (1971)
• In an effort to deter civil war, Pakistan was divided
• Islamic faith was the only uniting element
• 1970: Cyclone & tidal wave hit East Pakistan
• Although aid poured in, West Pakistan (the seat of the gov’t) was
slow to transfer aid to East Pakistan (larger population)
• Led to demonstrations in East Pakistan calling for separation from
West Pakistan
• **March 26, 1971: East Pakistan declares independence (now
Bangladesh)  brutal civil war followed
• Outcome:
• Bangladesh’s economy ruined, communication system fractured
Fighting over the Kashmir
• Fighting in region between Hindus and Muslims
•
Small region of Kashmir lays at the northern point of India near
Pakistan
• Issues: Kashmir was primarily Muslim but its leader was Hindu
•
Fighting continued until a UN cease-fire on 1949 (left a 1/3 of the
region under Pakistan control and the rest under India’s control)
• Importance of Kashmir Region:
• Religious and geographically, for survival
•
•
Contains many tributaries of the Indus River.
Whomever controls this region, has a major source of drinking water
and irrigation for their country
• This issue has been heightened in the last decade due to the
fact that both countries now have nuclear power.
Fighting over Kashmir Region
Population Density: India &
Bangladesh
Population Density
•
•
•
•
•
Let’s Compare:
US (pg 107)
Western Europe (267)
South Asia (India) (547)
China (615)
MODERN DAY ISSUES PLAGUING
SOUTH ASIA
Problems
• Rapid
population
growth
• Poverty
• Lack of
education
• Low literacy
rates
• Extreme
dependence on
farming (2/3s =
farmers)
Has 1 billion people, and is growing!!!
What does it mean to be literate?
Solutions to Dependence on Farming
• Land reform – redistribute land more
fairly
• The Green Revolution – new farming
techniques and better varieties of grain
to make land more productive
If you lived in India, you would pass these milestones:
• You would receive some schooling, as Indian law provides
free education from age 6 – 14. In some areas, though, you
could be working even before the age of 10.
• In school, you would study history, geography, science,
math, and moral education.
• You might be married at age 16 if you were a female living in
a rural area and at age 17 if you were a female in an urban
area
• You could enter the military at age 17 if you were a male
• You could vote at age 18
The Taj
Mahal
• The Taj Mahal is a white Marble mausoleum located in Agra, India.
• It was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife,
Mumtaz Mahal.
• The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in
India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the
world's heritage."
Buddhism vs. Hinduism
Buddhism
• A philosophy of living life that is
similar to Hinduism
• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama,
known as “Buddha”
(meaning "the awakened one" in Sanskrit)
• Use mandalas (geometric designs) to
symbolize the universe and
aid in meditation
• Final Goal – Nirvana (must
experience multiple lifetimes to
achieve)
• BUDDHISTS DO NOT FOLLOW
THE CASTE SYSTEM!!
Hinduism
• Make up 80% of Indian population
• Caste System
• Brahma – most divine spirit in the Hindu
religion
• Moksha – final goal of religion
(similar to
Buddhist nirvana)
• Polytheistic
* Karma
• Moral consequences of your actions
* Reincarnation
• The rebirth of souls after death, and the
moral actions of a person determine how a
person is reincarnated.
When the cycle
of reincarnation
is over, a person
becomes one
with god –
Nirvana or
“Moksha”
• A system of social stratification (social hierarchy)
• Defined/determined at birth
• India’s caste system:
Caste System
 Highest
“class” or caste
 Teachers, Priests, Doctors
 Kings
and Nobility
 Warriors
o Second most
prestigious
 Merchants
and Farmers



Artists
Workers
Service Providers
 Excluded
from society all
together
 Outcasts
 Also known as “dalits”
 Face violence and
discrimination
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