Transcript Chapter 3
Section 1: Community Ecology All living organisms are limited by factors in the environment. Essential Questions • How do unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors affect species? • How do ranges of tolerance affect the distribution of organisms? • What are the stages of primary and secondary succession? Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Community Ecology Vocabulary Review New • • • • • • • • abiotic factor Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education community limiting factor tolerance ecological succession primary succession climax community secondary succession Community Ecology Communities • A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time. Communities Limiting Factors • Any abiotic or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or redistribution of organisms is called a limiting factor. – Abiotic limiting factors includes sunlight, climate, temperature, water, nutrients, fire, soil chemistry, and space – Biotic limiting factors include other plant and animal species https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JptytfaO_3s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QI2ixJeIxEU Communities Range of Tolerance • For any environmental condition, there is an upper limit and lower limit an organism can survive. • The ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic or biotic factors is called tolerance. Ecological Succession • The change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors is ecological succession. • There are two types of ecological succession – primary succession and secondary succession. Ecological Succession Primary succession • The establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock that does not have any topsoil is primary succession. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLpc71YOtcE • The stable, mature community that results when there is little change in species composition is a climax community. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Community Ecology Ecological Succession Secondary succession • The orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact is secondary succession. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CQ2Xl6ZqzRI Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Community Ecology Review Essential Questions • • • How do unfavorable abiotic and biotic factors affect species? How do ranges of tolerance affect the distribution of organisms? What are the stages of primary and secondary succession? Vocabulary • • • community limiting factor tolerance • • ecological succession primary succession • • climax community secondary succession Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes Ecosystems on land are grouped into biomes primarily based on the plant communities within them. Essential Questions • How is latitude related to the three major climate zones? • What are the major abiotic factors that determine the location of a terrestrial biome? • How are the terrestrial biomes distinguished based on climate and biotic factors? Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Vocabulary Review New continued • • • • • • • • biome New • • • • • weather latitude climate tundra boreal forest Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education temperate forest woodland grassland desert tropical savanna tropical seasonal forest tropical rain forest Terrestrial Biomes Effects of Latitude and Climate • _________ is the condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and time. • Weather and community variations are driven by global differences in _________ and __________ conditions. Effects of Latitude and Climate Latitude • ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________. • _________________ strikes the Earth more directly at the _________ than at the poles. Effects of Latitude and Climate Climate • The average weather conditions in an area, including ______________ and __________, describe an area’s climate. • Plants and animals have adapted to the climate of their biome – ___________ ______________ in temperature and precipitation can affect them. The Greenhouse Effect https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTvqIijqvTg Visualizing Global Effects on Climate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ye45DGkqUkE Major Land Biomes Tundra • The tundra is a treeless biome with a layer of ____________________ (Permafrost). • Temperature range: ___________; average precipitation: _________cm/year • Geographic location: ____________________________________________ • Constant cycle of freezing and thawing does not allow tree roots to grow. Major Land Biomes Boreal forest • The _______________ (Also called the Taiga or Coniferous Forest) is a dense evergreen or coniferous forest. • Temperature range: -54°C–21°C; average precipitation: 30-84 cm/year • Geographic location: northern part of North America, Europe, and Asia • ____________ are short and moist; _________ are long, cold, and dry Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Major Land Biomes Temperate forest • • • • The temperate forest (Also called the Deciduous Forest) is composed of broad-leaved, deciduous trees Temperature range: -30°C–30°C; average precipitation: 75-150 cm/year Geographic location: south of the boreal forests in eastern North America, eastern Asia, Australia, and Europe Four well-defined seasons; summers are hot, winters are cold Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Major Land Biomes Temperate grassland • • • • Woodlands and mixed shrub communities are found in areas with less annual rainfall than temperate forests Temperature range: 10°C–40°C; average precipitation: 38-100 cm/year Geographic location: surrounds the Mediterranean Sea, western coast of North and South America, South Africa, and Australia Summers are very hot and dry; winters are cool and wet Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Major Land Biomes Temperate grassland • A grassland has fertile soils that are able to support a thick cover of grasses • Temperature range: -40°C–38°C; average precipitation: 50-89 cm/year • Geographic location: North America, South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia • Summers are hot; winters are cold; moderate rainfall; fires possible Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Major Land Biomes Desert • A desert is any area where average evaporation > average precipitation • Temperature range: high: 20°C–49°C low: -18°C–10°C; average precipitation: 2-26 cm/yr • Geographic location: every continent except Europe • Abiotic factors: varying temperatures; low rainfall Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Major Land Biomes Tropical savanna • A tropical savanna has grasses and scattered trees, and less precipitation than other tropical areas • Temperature range: 20°C–30°C; average precipitation: 50-130 cm per year • Geographic location: Africa, South America, and Australia • Summers are hot and rainy; winters are cool and dry Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Major Land Biomes Tropical Seasonal Forest • A tropical seasonal forest is analogous to a temperate forest, and has distinct wet and dry seasons • Temperature range: 20°C–25°C; average precipitation: >200 cm per year • Geographic location: Africa, Asia, Australia, and South and Central America • Abiotic factors: rainfall is seasonal Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Major Land Biomes Tropical Rain Forest • A tropical rainforest has warm temperatures and large amounts of rainfall throughout the year • Temperature range: 24°C–27°C; average precipitation: 200-1000 cm/year • Geographic location: Central and South America, southern Asia, western Africa, and northeastern Australia • Humid all year; hot and wet Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Ecosystems, Organisms, and Trophic Levels Virtual Lab Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Other Terrestrial Areas Mountains • Mountains do not fit the definition of a biome, because their climatic characteristics change with elevation. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Other Terrestrial Areas Polar Regions • Border the tundra at high altitudes • Polar regions are cold all year, and covered by a thick layer of ice • Average winter temperature is about -30°C Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Terrestrial Biomes Review Essential Questions • • • How is latitude related to the three major climate zones? What are the major abiotic factors that determine the location of a terrestrial biome? How are the terrestrial biomes distinguished based on climate and biotic factors? Vocabulary • • • • weather latitude climate tundra Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education • • • • boreal forest temperate forest woodland grassland • • • tropical savanna tropical seasonal forest tropical rain forest Terrestrial Biomes Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic ecosystems are grouped based on abiotic factors such as water flow, depth, distance from shore, salinity, and latitude. Essential Questions Section 3-3 • What are the major abiotic factors that determine the aquatic ecosystems? • What are transitional aquatic ecosystems and why are they important? • What are the zones of marine ecosystems? Vocabulary Review New continued • • • • • • • • salinity New • • • • • sediment littoral zone limnetic zone plankton profundal zone Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education wetlands estuary intertidal zone photic zone aphotic zone benthic zone abyssal zone Aquatic Ecosystems The Water on Earth • • Aquatic environments are divided into freshwater and marine ecosystems. Only about 2.5 percent of the water on Earth is freshwater. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Rivers and streams • • • Water in rivers and streams flow in one direction. The slope of the landscape determines the direction and speed of the water. Sediment is the material that is deposited by water, wind, or glaciers. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Rivers and streams • Interactions between land and water result in differences in erosion, nutrient availability, and species composition and diversity along the course of the water. • Fast moving water: less sediment and organic matter; fewer species • Slow moving water: sediment is deposited as mud, silt, and sand; supports a diversity of plant and animal species Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and ponds • • • An inland body of standing water is called a lake or pond. The temperature of lakes and ponds varies depending on the season. Turnover in lake water circulates nutrients and oxygen between water depths Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and ponds • • • Lakes and ponds are divided into three zones based on the amount of sunlight that penetrates the water. The littoral zone is closest to shore, shallow, and sunlight reaches the bottom. The littoral zone is a highly productive area, with numerous producers. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and ponds • • • The limnetic zone is an open water area that is well lit. Production is dominated by phytoplankton, free-floating autotrophs Home to many freshwater fish Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Lakes and ponds • • • The profundal zone is the deepest part of a lake or pond. Little light penetrates through the limnetic layer Colder and lower in oxygen Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems Wetlands • • Areas of land such as marshes, swamps, and bogs that are saturated with water and that support aquatic plants are called wetlands. Wetlands have high levels of species diversity. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Transitional Aquatic Ecosystems Estuaries • • An estuary is where freshwater from a stream or river meets saltwater from the ocean. Estuaries can support a variety of habitats, such as mangrove forests or salt marshes. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems Intertidal zone • • • The intertidal zone is a narrow band where the ocean meets land. Organisms must adapt to daily changes in tides and wave action. The intertidal zone is further divided into vertical zones. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems Open ocean ecosystems • • • • The open ocean is divided into three zones: pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. The pelagic zone is further divided into two zones The photic zone is shallow enough that sunlight is able to penetrate. The aphotic zone is an area that sunlight is unable to penetrate. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems Open ocean ecosystems • • The benthic zone is the area along the ocean floor. In shallow areas, the benthic zone receives sunlight, as depth increases, light and temperature decrease. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems Open ocean ecosystems • • • The deepest region of the ocean is called the abyssal zone. Water is very cold, and there is no light penetration Organisms depend on food materials that sink from the surface Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems Coastal ocean and coral reefs • • Coral reefs are one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. Widely distributed in warm shallow marine waters Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Aquatic Ecosystems Review Essential Questions • • • What are the major abiotic factors that determine the aquatic ecosystems? What are transitional aquatic ecosystems and why are they important? What are the zones of marine ecosystems? Vocabulary • • • • sediment littoral zone limnetic zone plankton Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education • • • • profundal zone wetlands estuary intertidal zone • • • • photic zone aphotic zone benthic zone abyssal zone Aquatic Ecosystems