Transcript The Sahara Desert

A Satellite View
Africa at Night
• *The primary
influences on
the climates
of Africa are
latitude and
wind systems
Africa’s Size
4600
MILES
5
0
0
0
M
I
L
E
S
# Second largest continent  11,700,000 sq. mi.
# 10% of the world’s population.
# 2 ½ times the size of the U. S.
Mediterranean Sea
Bodies
Nile River
Of
L. Chad-->
Water
L. Albert-->
L. Victoria
L. Tanganyika->
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Zambezi River
Limpopo River
Orange River
Pacific Ocean
The Mighty Nile River:
“Longest River in the World”
The Congo River Basin
# Covers 12% of the
continent.
# Extends over 9
countries.
# 2,720 miles long.
# 99% of the country
of Zaire is in the
Congo River basin.
The Niger River Basin
# Covers 7.5% of the continent.
# Extends over 10 countries.
# 2,600 miles long.
Hydroelectric Power
Mountains
&
Peaks
Δ Mt. Kenya
Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro
The African Plateau
Libyan Desert
Deserts
Sahara Desert
Sahel
The Sahara Desert
*The Sahara limits
much migration
between northern
and southern
Africa.
Desertification
The shift of desert is called
desertification- an expanse of dry
conditions into moist areas that are
next to deserts.
The Sahel
It is a narrow band of dry
grassland that runs east to west
along the southern edge of the
Sahara.
Sahel
• A narrow band of semi-arid land south of the Sahara, the
Sahel attracted both Arabs looking for gold from Sudan and
Europeans looking for slaves from West Africa.
• The Sahel is widely French-speaking, Islamic and takes its
name ("shore") from Arabic.
• In the 1970s, the Sahel captured international attention
when drought and famine killed nearly 200,000 people.
Though conditions have since improved, it has yet to shake a
vicious cycle of soil erosion, insufficient irrigation,
deforestation, overpopulation, desertification and drought.
• The area tends to find Islam
religions in the North and nonIslam in the South. Since a
majority of this region is
religiously divided, there have
been many civil wars between
the Islamic and non-Islamic
people in the countries.
Valleys
&
Plains
Great Rift Valley
*As the continent
plates(tectonics)
pulled apart the
land sank to form
long thin valleyscalled rift valleys.
3,000 miles long
Seismic Activity in Africa
Africa:
The
“Tropical”
Continent
Tropic of Cancer
20° N
Equator 0°
Tropic of Capricorn
20° S
African Trade Winds
*The primary influences on the
climates of Africa are latitude and wind
systems
West Africa:
Home of our Hurricanes
Vegetation Zones
The African Savannah:
13 million sq. mi.
African Rain Forest
# Annual rainfall of up to 17 ft.
# Rapid decomposition (very humid).
# Covers 37 countries.
# 15% of the land surface of Africa.
Mt. Kilimanjaro:
Snow on the Equator?
Mediterranean Sea
The
Libyan Desert
Tropic of Cancer
20° N
Sahara Desert
Complete
Topography
Sahel
Nile River
L. Chad-->
Equator 0°
L. Albert-->
Δ Mt. Kenya
L. Victoria
Of
AFRICA
Δ Mt. Kilimanjaro
L. Tanganyika->
Indian
Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Zambezi River
Tropic of Capricorn
20° S
Limpopo River
Orange River
Pacific Ocean
Natural Resources
*Agriculture is
the single most
important
economic
activity in Africa.
•After oil, coffee is the
most profitable
commodity in Africa.
•*Lumber (Central
Africa) is another
important commodity.
•Sugar, palm oil, and
cocoa (main ingredient
in chocolate) are other
commodities.
Subsistence Agriculture
• *Primary
economic activities
like subsistence
agriculture make
up the majority of
Africa’s economy.
Migration and Emigration
• *People have moved in
Africa because of
disease, conflict and
famine.
• A person emigrates
FROM a specific place
(Germany or Norway or
wherever). This person
can then immigrate to the
United States or
somewhere else.
Emigration is the act of
leaving and immigration
is the act of entering
another nation.
Triangular Trade
• The trade system
of African slaves to
the Americas and
plantation crops to
Europe was called
the triangular
trade.
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29554-assignment-discovery-triangular-trade-video.htm
The Policy of Apartheid in South
Africa
• In 1948 the White
minority government of
South Africa instituted a
policy of apartheid or
complete separation of
races.
• In 1912 blacks founded
the African National
Congress (ANC) to fight
for their rights.
• *A lasting effect of
Apartheid still evident
today is that white South
Africans are much
wealthier and have more
opportunities than black
South Africans.
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29503-assignment-discovery-apartheid-in-south-africavideo.htm
Colonialism
• After World War I, Britain
and France divided the lands
of the Ottoman Empire.
• Colonialism is the extension
of a state’s authority through
conquest and/or settlement.
This term is often used to
describe the pattern of global
control exercised by the
European powers from
around the 1400s until after
World War II.
• *South Africa still has many
of the cultural traits of its
former British colonial rulers
Legacy of Colonialism
• Africa is still recovering from the effects of
colonialism.
• Europeans invested little in Africa. They
left behind no money to develop roads,
airports, or a productive educational
system.
• The area is rich in natural resources,
however money and infrastructure are
needed to develop these resources. They
only built transportations systems like
railroads because it helped to get
resources out of Africa.
Berlin Conference
• *Europeans did not want to
fight over Africa so they
convened the Berlin
Conference in order to divide
Africa and obtain it’s
resources.
• Liberia and Ethiopia remained
free of European control.
14 States divided up Africa without
consideration of cultures
• Results of superimposed
boundaries
•African peoples were divided.
•Unified regions were ripped apart.
•Hostile societies were thrown
together.
•Hinterlands were disrupted.
•Migration routes were closed off.
Health Care in Africa
• AIDS has become a
pandemic.
• A pandemic is an
uncontrollable outbreak of
a disease over a large
area.
• Some Geographers
predict that the worst
affected countries
population could decline
by 10 to 20 percent.
MALARIA
Malaria is probably Africa's No. 1
most widely spread disease and
in most regions of Africa you
should take protective measures.
Although it is not possible to
protect yourself totally you can
reduce the risk of getting a
serious, sometimes life
threatening, bout of the disease.
Malaria can take from 7 days to
several months to incubate and
the symptoms range from
headaches, pain and flu-likes
aches to sometimes experiencing
disorientation and high
temperatures. www.africaguide.com
Kimberly Process
• The Kimberley Process
is an attempt to halt the
sales of diamonds from
conflict areas, where
those funds are used to
support the unlawful and
illegal operations of
rebel, military and
terrorist groups.
• The Kimberly Process
has been successful at
preventing the sale of
blood diamonds.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/v
p/38583776#38583776
Conflict in Sub Saharan Africa
Causes Contributing to Conflict
• Poverty
How many of these do
• Ethnic/Religious
you think relate to
differences
Sub-Saharan Africa?
• Poor education
• Competition for natural
resources
• Political boundaries
• Internal power
transitions
• Changes in the balance
of power among states
•
©2012, TESCCC
Effects of Conflict
• Civil War
• Destruction of
infrastructure
• Poverty
• Refugees
• Migration
• Terrorism
• High death tolls
• Corruption
• Genocide
•
©2012, TESCCC
How many of these effects
can be seen in SubSaharan Africa?
Rwanda Genocide
• Civil War between the Hutu and Tutsi
groups in Rwanda. Resulted in almost 1
million deaths. Ethnic conflict resulting in
mass migration and refugee camps.
•
©2012, TESCCC