Transcript World Geography - kharrisongeography

World Geography
Unit 4
Western Europe
World Geography
Section 1: British Isles and Nordic Nations
Section 2: Central Western Europe
Section 3: Mediterranean Europe
Section 1
British Isles
and Nordic Nations
A. England is divided into three different areas:
1. Highlands2. Midlands3. Lowlands-
A. London lies only __________from the continent of Europe.
B. London is located on the _________________.
C. By the 1500s, London had become a bustling ____________.
E. Britain has a strategic, central location for Atlantic _________.
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III. Economic Activities
A. In the 1500s, Britain shipped mostly _____________.
B. Some of the earliest technological advances of the Industrial
Revolution were used in the _______________.
C. Britain had large amounts of ____and __________.
D. Much of the region’s coal supply has been used up, and
Britain began using oil and natural gas from under the
__________.
E. To offset the loss of heavy industry, the government has
fostered the growth of ______________________such as
finance and tourism.
Industrial Revolution
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IV. Scotland’s Physical Characteristics
The Highlands
 The Highlands region is a
large, high plateau with
many ______, or lakes.
 ________, or broad, treeless
rolling plains, cover much
of the Highlands and are
dotted with ______, areas of
wet, spongy ground.
 The Highlands are well
suited to _______and
____________.
The Central Lowlands
 The long Central
Lowlands region,
stretching from
Edinburgh to Glasgow, is
home to ________of
Scotland’s people.
The Southern Uplands
• The Southern Uplands is primarily a ___________ region, and it
is near the English border.
• The ______________give way to rolling plateaus that have been
worn down by glaciers.
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V. Scottish Culture
A. ____________are slowly taking the
place of mining, steel making, and
shipbuilding.
B. Scotland and England have been
____________united, but Scotland has
retained its own culture.
C. In 1997, Scottish voters approved the
creation of a new Scottish parliament,
and some Scots want Scotland to
become ____________.
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VI. Wales
 Wales possesses a ___________, but it has
been strongly influenced since being
conquered by England in 1284.
 About _________of the Welsh population
speaks Welsh as their first language.
 ________and ______________have changed
the landscape and economy of southern
Wales, but by the 1980s most of the coal
mines had closed.
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VII. Ireland’s Physical Characteristics
A. Ireland is shaped like a ______________, with
hills ringing most of the coastline.
B. Ireland’s moist climate keeps vegetation a
brilliant green, making its nickname
“_______________.”
C. About one sixth of the island is covered
by________D. The Republic of Ireland has recently
developed a method of using peat in power
plants, which now produce almost
___________of the nation’s electricity.
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VIII. Cooperation and Conflict
Ireland’s history has been shaped by
invasions and wars.
Religious Conflicts
Government and Citizenship
A. In the early 1500s,
__________broke from the
________Church in the
Reformation.
B. The Protestant minority
controlled much of the ______,
and Irish Catholics were _____.
C. Conflict between Irish Protestants
and Irish Catholics led to
______________ or deliberate
efforts to keep the cultures
separate.
D. Many poor Irish died in the
____________ of the 1840s,
inflaming anti-British feelings
and causing many Irish to
emigrate.
A. ____________in 1916 and 1921
led to free state status under
British supervision, with the
exception of six counties in the
northeast that remained part of
the ______.
B. The free state declared total
independence in 1949 as the
_______________.
C. Catholics in Northern Ireland
want to reunify, while
Protestants oppose it and both
have used _________since.
Ireland
IX. Physical Characteristics
The Nordic Nations
A Varied Landscape
• The region is a collection
of _______ and
_______separated by
water, and the landscape
varies from very flat to
very mountainous.
Environmental Change
• The landscape of the
Scandinavian Peninsula is
the product of the last
_________.
• The _______of Scandinavia
were carved out by glaciers
and later filled with water.
Natural Resources
• Icelanders have learned to
produce ____________from
the heat of the earth’s
interior.
Long Winters, Short Summers
• The ____________shine most
brightly in the Nordic regions
in winter.
• In midsummer, the _____never
really sets for several weeks.
The Ocean and the Climate
• Despite the long winter, the climate is very mild due to warm
________________.
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X. Shared Cultural Bonds
The Nordic countries possess strong cultural ties.
Understanding the Past
A. Between A.D. 800 and A.D.
1050, _________set out from
Scandinavia to raid and
later colonize parts of
________________.
B. Most Nordic peoples belong
to the
____________Church,
established during the
Reformation.
C. Nordic languages, except
________, have common
roots, and students are
required to learn _______as
well.
Economic Systems
A. All Nordic countries
practice a mixture of free
enterprise and socialism in
______________, or systems
combining different degrees
of government regulation.
B. Nordic countries guarantee
__________ and
_________to everyone and
operate some industries
that are private in the
United States.
C. Nordic countries tend to be
politically _________in
foreign affairs.
Scandinavia
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XI. Economic Activities
 The Nordic countries have sound
economies that derive their _______from
varied ________.
 ________and _______have flat land and a
climate suitable for agriculture.
 ________is important to the Nordic
countries, particularly Norway.
 The region also profits from _____and
_____ production, high-grade _____, and
expanses of ________.
Section 2
Central Western Europe
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Regions and Economic Activities
I. France: Regions and Economic
Activities
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France is divided into several historic, cultural, and economic regions.
A. In the north, ______is the political, economic, and cultural capital, and it
is a center of _________.
B. Southwestern France is known for its _______ production.
C. The ______hindered movement between Italy and France until a tunnel
was built under __________.
D. The _____________ is renowned for its beaches and international film
festival.
II. Understanding the Past
A. _____________, the greatest Frankish ruler, set up an
efficient administration, but his empire fell apart after his
death.
B. __________became the ruler of Paris and its surrounding
lands in A.D. 987, and expanded France’s borders to the
lines today.
C. In 1789, the monarchy came to a bloody and violent end in
the _______________.
D. Since the revolution, France has had several different forms
of government, including __________, __________, and a
constitutional ____________.
III. Language and Culture
One Country, One Language Cultural Identity
A. French heroes include
A. Other languages such as
philosophers, such as
_______and ________are
___________and _________.
still spoken, as are several
B. French artists were leaders in
dialects, or variations of a
the painting style known
language unique to a
as______________.
region.
C. Museums such as the ________
celebrate French artistic
B. ________is the national
achievements.
language.
D. Paris is known for its _______,
______, ________, _________,
and ___________.
France Today
IV. France Today
A. After ________, the French government established
programs to ________ the economy and balance growth
among France’s regions.
B. France also ___________, or brought under state control,
some businesses considered vital to national interests.
C. France is a wealthy nation, but in the 1990s it struggled
to recover from an economic _________, when
unemployment was high.
D. Immigrants, many from ___________, were the focus of
racial tensions.
V. Germany’s Struggle for Unity
Divided German States
A. The ________________divided
Germany further after
Charlemagne.
B. Prussia merged many German
states into a ____________ , a
loose organization of
independent states, after
defeating France in war.
United Germany’s Defeats
A. Defeated in World War I,
Germany was forced to pay
____________ , money for war
damages, which caused
____________ , a general
increase in prices, and
economic collapse.
B. ____________and the _____
rose to power during the 1930s,
promising to restore German
glory.
C. Germany was _________again
in World War II by ________
countries.
One People, Two Countries
A. Germany was divided during the Cold War into _____and ____Germany.
B. In 1989, the ______came down and united Berlin once again.
Physical Characteristics
VI. Physical Characteristics
Germany’s land can be divided into three bands.
A. Northern GermanyB. Central Germany –
C. Southern Germany-
VII. Germany in the World Today
A. Germany is Western Europe’s leading ____________ and
the third most _____________powerful economy after the
United States and Japan.
B. Germany retains strong economic ties with
______________ and ____________, and it is a leading
member in the European Union.
C. About __________is spent every year to upgrade the
economy of the eastern lands once under Communist
control.
D. ____________, ________________, and
________________ are other problems Germany faces.
VIII. The Netherlands
A. When the Romans conquered the area, they built _____ or
embankments of rock and earth, to hold back the sea
water.
B. The Dutch became more skillful at creating new land,
building dikes, pumping out water, and creating ________,
land reclaimed from the sea.
C. Beginning in the 1200s, the Dutch used ________ to power
the pumps.
D. Almost _________of the country is below sea level.
E. The Netherlands has an extremely high _____________,
and almost half of the land is used for agriculture.
IX. Belgium
A. About 30 percent of Belgians speak _________ and call
themselves ________, while about 55 percent speak a
_______, variations of a language that are unique to a region
or community, of ______ called _________.
B. After Belgium gained independence from the Netherlands,
relations between Walloons and Flemings grew more tense,
as the only official language was _______and the national
government made ____________an official language
C. The Belgian Parliament has recently passed laws to
________________ its government, or transfer power to
smaller regions.
Luxembourg
X. Luxembourg
A. Luxembourg covers only ______________.
B. Luxembourg maintains cultural ties with
_________, _________, and ________, and
______languages are spoken there.
C. Luxembourg has one of the highest
_______________ in Europe.
D.The economy has diversified from __________ into
__________and __________ industries.
Switzerland & Austria
XI. Switzerland
Switzerland has three official languages and various cultural groups that
have maintained their distinct identities and political autonomy.
Understanding the Past
A. The _____________was
formed in 1291 to fight
against ___________.
B. Switzerland has been
recognized as a_______, not
taking sides in a conflict,
country since the 1800s.
A Prosperous Market Economy
A. Switzerland enjoys a very
high ________________.
B. _____________is the most
important form of agriculture
to Switzerland.
Cultures and Citizenship
A. Twenty-six ________, or
states, make up Switzerland
today.
Specializing for Global Trade
A. With few natural resources,
Switzerland specializes in
________, ________, and
making products that require
__________.
Switzerland
XII. Austria
A. Austria was once the seat of an empire that controlled
much of Eastern Europe, but after __________it collapsed
and was broken into several new countries.
B. Because Austria is so _________, most people live in the
eastern lowlands.
C. Austria, using ________ as a model for economic renewal,
has created specialized industries, but it also has
____________ that are sometimes extracted through strip
mining.
D. _______, the country’s capital, was the _______ and
_______center of the Austrian Empire. It has declined in
population, but it still draws tourists to its many cultural
and historical attractions.
World Geography
Section 3
Mediterranean Europe
Spain
I. Spain
Geographically, Spain is separated from Europe by the Pyrenees
Mountains, and steep cliffs line much of the coastline.
A. High plateaus rise from the narrow coastal plains, and
only one of Spain’s many rivers is __________.
B. Most of Spain has a _____________ climate, but it is also
fairly dry.
C. Spain’s economy has shifted from _________to new
___________in recent years.
D. With its central location, ________became the ____, or
central point of activity and influence.
II. Portugal
A. Abundant rainfall favors ____________, and Portugal
exports port ____, ________, and ______ products.
B. In the fifteenth century, Portugal explored new sea routes
to _____ around _______and established many trading
colonies.
C. Portuguese and Spanish colonial empires shrank in the
early 1800s, and only in _______did Portugal grant its
________colonies independence.
D. Nearly ____________people from the former African
colonies have immigrated to Portugal seeking greater
opportunities.
E. Portugal is expanding an economy once based heavily on
___________.
Italy
III. Italy: People and Environment
The Apennine Mountains, a young mountain range that
experiences ____________, runs the length of Italy.
A. Italy has a _______________climate.
B. Through ____________, much of the soil has eroded.
C. Populated areas are very crowded.
D. Many Italians from the poor _____have migrated to the
industrial ______to find jobs.
E. Italy helped form the European Union, and access to wider
markets helped transform the nation’s economy from
__________to ____________.
IV. The Regions of Italy
Northern Italy
Central Italy
A. The ________valley is the
A. Central Italy consists of
heartland of this region, and is
an important agricultural and
industrial center.
B. Rivers in the _____provide
hydroelectricity, and the
_____are also home to ski
resorts.
C. ________suffers from pollution
and __________, but remains
popular with tourists.
_______and the surrounding
regions.
B. _______was chosen as the
capital of a unified Italy
because of its central
location and historic ties to
the ____________.
C. ___________is a cultural
center made famous by
artists during the
____________.
Southern Italy
A. This region, which includes _________and ________, is known as the
______________.
B. Many southern Italians migrate to northern Italy to find jobs or to
________, which is very poor and has a high unemployment rate.
Greece
V. Greece: People and Environment
A. The Aegean Sea occupies a ________ an area of land that
B.
C.
D.
E.
dropped down between faults.
Despite poor ____and little ______, agriculture is important
to Greece.
Over _______of the Greek population lives in the crowded
city of Athens.
Greece has one of the world’s largest commercial
__________, and ____________is an important industry.
Greece has many islands, but fewer than 200 are
__________ or able to support permanent residents.
VI. Cultural Influences
A. Greece can be considered a ________ country, because much
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
of Western culture has so many roots in ancient Greece.
Some Western ideas about ___________ government are
based on Greek ideals.
As the Roman Empire declined, Greece became an important
part of the _________Empire.
Greece suffered invasion from many groups over the next
________years.
In 1453, Turks conquered the city of _________, now called
________, and ruled Greece for almost four centuries.
After a ten-year rebellion, Greece achieved independence from
________in 1829.