Transcript Vocabulary1x - Lake County Schools

Vocabulary
Chapter1
Five Themes
Location
Place
Human-Environment Interaction
Region
Movement
Location: position of things on the planet
Place: unique physical and human characteristics of
a location
The location is Jerusalem, even more
specifically the Temple Mount, a holy
site for Jews, Christians and Moslems.
Two of the unique features would be
the Dome of the Rock and the
Western (or Wailing) Wall.
place
…and now for
something few
have ever seen
location
The backside of Mt. Rushmore
GPS
Global Positioning
System
Satellite-based system to
find absolute locations
Geographic Information
System
Both GPS and GIS use
remote sensing:
collecting data from instruments
physically distant from study area
Each dot
represents a
satellite. A major
question is how
many are not in
use.
Where is the
density of
satellites the
greatest?
What challenges
does this pose for
future
use/satellites?
Human-Environmental Interaction
Growth
of an
island
(Singapore)
Rainforest
feathering or
fish-boning
(Amazon Basin)
OIL SPILL, 2010
Landscape: material culture of a place
Cultural Landscape: imprint of human activity of
the planet’s surface
The 300 foot slopes of
Santorini were caused
by a massive volcano
about 3600 years ago
(landscape).
The city of Fira is
poised on the rim of
this sunken caldera
(cultural landscape).
Spatial Interaction
How places relate/act upon each other
Factors:
Dispersion: Distance between things
Accessibility: Can these regions access each
others goods/services/ideas
Connectivity: Degree of direct linkage
It should be apparent that
there is a lot more spatial
interaction in the eastern
area of this map and than
the western area of the map.
For one, the landscape in
the west has many more
lakes and this affects
accessibility, like in the
case of Leesburg and Mount
Dora, because there is
basically only one way to
get there. This in turn
impacts connectivity.
On the eastern side of the map, notice all the roads and major
highways. Orlando, like most cities has accessibility to most parts of the
city which helps its connectivity. Did the landscape, both the size and
number of lakes have an impact on where Orlando is?
Cultural Diffusion:
The passing and appropriation of
culture traits, innovations, and characteristics.
Types of cultural diffusion
Hierarchical Diffusion - expansion diffusion in
which an innovation (or other phenomenon) spreads
over space from large places to progressively smaller
ones, skipping the spaces in between.
Map of the British Empire
and Tianjin subway map.
Contagious Diffusion - an innovation (or other
phenomenon) spreads across contiguous space after direct
contact between the innovator(s) and potential adapters of an
innovation (or other phenomenon).
Stimulus Diffusion -The spread of an underlying
principle, trait , business or idea is appropriated
after some type of introduction.
Relocation Diffusion: process in which items
being diffused are transmitted by carrier agents as
they evacuate old areas and inhabit new ones.
Chinatowns in London (R), New York (B), San
Francisco (T). The oldest synagogue in the
USA, and the plans of one in China (right).
The largest mosque in the USA is in
Perrysburg, Ohio.
Functional Regions:
A region based on a particular
set of activities or interactions
Language map Belgium, St. Johns Water Management District,
Fishing Waters off coast of Canada and Boston Subway map.
Formal Region:
a region marked by homogeneity in
one or more phenomenon, a region with a delimited border
Mixture of Regions: The formal border (by county), the
functional region (the term you should use for soft drinks, and
perceptual (that the % are spread evenly in every county).
How Diseases Diffuse
Endemic
Epidemic
• Disease always with a
population
– Malaria
• Disease that breaks out
and subsides
-Yellow fever
Pandemic
A disease that spreads quickly
across continents
Direct diffusion is when two cultures are very close to each other,
resulting in intermarriage, trade, and even warfare. An example of direct
diffusion is between the United States and Canada, where the people living on the border of
these two countries engage in hockey, which started in Canada, and baseball, which is popular in
American culture.
Forced diffusion occurs when one culture subjugates (conquers or
enslaves) another culture and forces its own customs on the conquered
people. An example would be the forced Christianization of the indigenous populations of the
Americas by the Spanish, French, English and Portuguese.
Indirect diffusion happens when traits are passed from one culture
through a middleman to another culture, without the first and final
cultures ever being in direct contact. An example could be the presence of Mexican
food in Canada, since a large territory (the United States) lies in between.
Maps
a representation of the
planet on a flat surface
1:24,000-scale
map
1:100,000-scale
map
1:250,000-scale
map
Scale
Scale is the fraction or ration between
the map and the place that is being mapped
Remember: the bigger the number the smaller the scale, So…
Large scale covers a small area with lots of detail
Small scale covers a large area with little detail
The more places you know
the more things you can
imagine on the planet.
a person's perception
of the world
Reference Maps
A highly generalized map type designed to show general spatial properties of
features. Examples are world maps, road maps, census maps, and sketch maps.
Thematic Maps
serve three primary purposes. First, they provide specific information about
particular locations. Second, they provide general information about spatial
patterns. Third, they can be used to compare patterns on two or more maps.
Cartograms
A graphic that depicts
attributes of geographic
objects as the object's area.
Environmental Determinism
human behavior is shaped and controlled by the environment
-convenient excuse for slavery/ethnocentrism
-moved during history
North America
Western Europe
Greece
Possibilism
The environment influences but does not determine
humans activity
cultural ecology
political ecology
culture as an adaptation to
environment
environmental consequences of politicaleconomic arrangements and understandings
Seven Major Traits of Culture
1. Learned: through interaction, observation, and
imitation
Proverbs, Folk tales and folklore, High Culture (poetry, art, music, mass media)
Conscious — being told, reading
Unconscious — most culture is learned
2. Transmitted: Each generation (older) passes it on to the younger
vs
3. Based on Symbols
Language is key element / but also from images, icons.
4. Integrated (one dimension affect other dimensions)
Seven Major Traits of Culture
5. Changeable (culture is dynamic, not static)
Change occurs from:
innovation (discovery) e.g. television, computer, women’s movement
diffusion (borrowing) e.g. McDonalds worldwide
acculturation (long-term contact with another culture)
7. Ethnocentric: the belief that one’s culture is superior and more
worthy than another. While it is important to have a positive view of one’s self,
ethnocentrism can be a major hindrance to intercultural communication — can shut
others out, lead to derogatory viewpoints.
8. Adaptive: In order to survive, culture must adapt.
Example — roles of women in USA after WWII
Cultural Appropriation
-process of adapting
ideas/knowledge/customs
from other cultures
-initially seen as a benefit
Cultural Barrier
-prevailing attitude/custom that prevents cultural appropriation
basic idea is the farther away it is,
or longer you have to wait
the less you want it
processes that seem to accelerate the experience of time
and reduce the significance of distance
dynamic term: these processes don’t seem to be slowing down