Transcript AP Five Themes of Geography

AP FIVE THEMES OF
GEOGRAPHY
Rubenstein Text
Theme #1: Location (14-20)
• Where is it?
• Two types of location
• 1. Absolute (Mathematical Location): exact place on earth
• Use latitude and longitude coordinates
• 2. Relative (Situation): describes a place in comparison to other
places around its
• Ex: library is three blocks west of the park
Latitude and Longitude
• Latitude
• Runs parallel to the
equator and measures
north and south
• “Changes in latitude
Changes an attitude”
• Longitude
• Run parallel to the
Prime Meridian and
measure east and
west
• Equator- imaginary line that divides the earth
into north and south halves
• Prime Meridian- imaginary line that divides
the earth into east and west halves
• International Date Line- 180 degress longitude
Time Zones
Theme #2: Place (5)
• What is it like?
• Physical and cultural characteristics of a location
• Climate
• Landforms
• Vegetation
• Human influence: dams, highways, etc.
• A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular charcteristic
Ways in which geographers describe
place
• 1. Toponym- name given to a place on Earth
• Named for person, religion, ancient history, physical enviornment,
direction
• 2. Site- the physical character of a place
• Climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and
elevation
• Essential in selecting locations for settlement
• 3. Situation- location of a place relative to other
places
• Identify other landmarks to direct people to the desired location
• Helps understand the importance of location
Place Comparison
• Place Name: The most
straightforward way to name a
particular location. A toponym is the
name given to a place on Earth.
Names are vast and based on many
factors.
• Site: The physical character of a
place.
• Situation: The location of a place
relative to other places.
• Mathematical Location: Describes
a precise location that is drawn by a
formula that pinpoints a specific
point on a meridian and a parallel.
• Place Name: Atlanta, Georgia
• Site: Lies on the central piedmont which
extends to the fall line of the rivers.
South of the most southerly of the Blue
Ridge Mountains in the northeast and
north central portion of the state. Above
and to the north of the coastal plain,
which levels to the coastal flatlands.
• Situation: Urban Metropolis which is
centrally located in the southeast portion
of the United States, in an ideal location
for trade and travel.
• Mathematical Location: Location:
33.76290 N, 84.42259 W
Atlanta, Georgia
• Place Name: Atlanta, Georgia
• Site: Lies on the central piedmont
which extends to the fall line of the
rivers. South of the most southerly
of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the
northeast and north central portion
of the state. Above and to the north
of the coastal plain, which levels to
the coastal flatlands.
• Situation: Urban Metropolis which
is centrally located in the southeast
portion of the United States, in an
ideal location for trade and travel.
• Mathematical Location: Location:
33.76290 N, 84.42259 W
2 Aspects of Place
• Physical characteristics
• Landforms
• Bodies of water
• Climate
• Vegetation
• Animal life
• Cultural characteristics
• Population settlement
• Agriculture
• Industry
• Religion
2 Aspects of Place – Atlanta, GA
• Physical characteristics
• Landforms (hills)
• Cultural characteristics
• Population settlement
• Bodies of water (Chattahoochee
R.)
• Climate (ex. humid subtropical)
• Vegetation
• Animal life
•
•
•
•
•
(Hartsfield-Jackson airport)
Businesses (Home Depot, CocaCola)
Religion
Food (Varsity)
Recreation (Turner Field, parks)
Education (GT)
For the following places, come up with a list of at least 3
physical and 3 cultural characteristics you can identify
by looking at the pictures
Atlanta, GA
2 Aspects of Place – Atlanta, GA
• Physical characteristics
• Landforms (hills)
• Cultural characteristics
• Population settlement
• Bodies of water (Chattahoochee
R.)
• Climate (ex. humid subtropical)
• Vegetation
• Animal life
•
•
•
•
•
(Hartsfield-Jackson airport)
Businesses (Home Depot, CocaCola)
Religion
Food (Varsity)
Recreation (Turner Field, parks)
Education (GT)
Your Assignment
FOR THE FOLLOWING PLACES, COME
UP WITH A LIST OF AT LEAST 3
PHYSICAL AND 3 CULTURAL
CHARACTERISTICS YOU CAN IDENTIFY
BY LOOKING AT THE PICTURES
Pittsburgh, PA
Venice, Italy
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Tunisia
India
Bringing it all together
• After looking at the physical and cultural
characteristics you listed for the international
locations (NOT Pittsburgh), if you had to pick one to
live in, which would it be?
• What aspects of this place led you to this decision?
• Why is this the best choice for YOU?
Theme #3: Region
• How are places similar or different?
• Area of the earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of
cultural and physical features
• Different types of regions
• 1. formal
• 2. functional
• 3. perceptual
Formal Region
• Formal Region: An
area within which
everyone shares in
common one or more
distinctive
characteristics.
Formal Region (21)
• Limited number of regional characteristics
• Generally defined by continental area and cultural styles
or predominant characteristincs
• Examples:
•
•
•
•
•
•
United States and Canada
Latin America (Spanish/Portuguese speaking)
Europe
Southwest Asia (Islam and desert regions)
South Asia (Hinduism and Aryan/Dravidian descent)
East Asia (Buddhism and Asian descent)
•
OR
• The Wheat Belt
• Republican/Democratic States
• Bible Belt
• Can be determined by the scale at which you view an area
(Country, state, county, city, etc.)
Gore Vs. Bush
What regional characteristics appear on these maps?
What conclusions can you draw?
Functional Regions (21)
• Organized around a set of interactions and connections
between places
• Characterized by a hub or central place/focal point
• Examples:
• New York City
• Metro Atlanta
• MDJ/AJC
• 11 Alive
• AM 750/95.5
Functional Region
• Functional Region: Also called a nodal region,
is an area organized around a node or focal
point.
Vernacular Regions (22)
• AKA Perceptual Regions
• Region in which people perceive the characteristics;
however, sometimes they can be disagreed upon
• Ex: What states would you consider to be in the southeast?
Vernacular Regions Cont’d (22)
• Place that people believe exists as part of their
cultural identity
• Example: Mental map- internal representation of the
Earth’s surface
• Example: “The South”
• High cotton production
• Low graduation rates
• States in the Confederacy
• Baptists
• Southerners and other Americans share a strong
sense of the American South… some pride it…
some avoid it
What type of region would you consider this to be?
Theme #4: Human Environment
Interaction (25)
• How do people relate to the physical world?
• The study of human environment relationships is cultural
ecology
• People learn to use what the environment offers them and to
change that environment to meet their needs
• Examples: dams, roads, highways, cities, slash-and-burn,
deforestation, etc.
Types of Cultural Ecology
• Environmental determinism
• States physical environment causes social development
• Climate
• Precipitation
• Topography
Types of Cultural Ecology
• Possiblism
• Physical
environment can
limit human
action, but people
have the ability to
adjust to the
environment
• People learn what
crops thrive
• Technology… air
conditioning
Theme #5: Movement (86)
• How do people, goods, and ideas move from one
location to another?
• Human geography focuses on how people
migrate and spread their ideas
• Ex: immigrations from Europe to the U.S…. Why
leave? What factors caused this?
Diffusion – 2 different types
• Relocation Diffusion – The spread of an idea through
the physical movement of people from one place to
another.
• Variety of reasons for relocation such as political, economic, and
environmental
Diffusion – 2 different types
• Expansion Diffusion
• Three Types
• Hierarchical Diffusion – From persons of
authority or power
• Contagious Diffusion – Rapid, widespread
• Stimulus Diffusion – underlying principle
Globalization
• Globalization: A force or process that involves
the entire world and results in making
something worldwide in scope.
• Uniform
• Integrated
• Interdependent
• Completive
Nature
Globalization of Culture
• Increasingly uniform
cultural preferences
produce uniform global
landscapes of material
artifacts and of cultural
values.
• Transnational
corporations –
companies located in
more than one country
(McDonald’s)
Space: Distribution Of Features
• Distribution – The arrangement of a feature
on Earth’s surface.
• May be close together, or far apart
• History vs. Geography
• Three Main Properties
• Density
• Concentration
• Pattern
Density
• Arithmetic Density – The total number of objects in the area, often total population divided
by its area.
• Physiological Density – The number of people per unit of arable land (land suitable for
agriculture).
• Agricultural Density – The number of farmers per unit of farmland.
Concentration: The
extent of a feature’s
spread over space.
• Comparing the Concentration
• Clustered – When the objects in an
area are closer together.
• Dispersed – When the objects in an
area are farther apart.
Pattern: The geometric arrangement of
objects in spaces/regions.
• Grid Patterns/Town Squares
• Land Ordinance of 1785
• Distribution - Density/Concentration/Pattern
GLOBALIZATION
AND
SPATIAL INTERACTION
OF PLACES
Connections
Between
Places
Space-Time Compression – Used to describe the
reduction in the time it takes for something to reach
another place.
• Growing or Shrinking?
• Technology – Communications and Transportation
• Culture and Economy
Space-Time Compression
• Places seem closer because of increased technology and
the ability to access/travel to them quicker
Spatial Interaction
Communication has made it possible for people in distant
places to be aware of other people with different cultural
beliefs, customs, and traits.
• Networks – Computer, Television, and Transportation
• Barriers – Physical and Cultural
Distance Decay
• The decreasing and
eventual
disappearance of a any
aspect or event.
• Opposite of space-time
compression. “The
farther you are away
from something the
less likely it is to impact
you”.
Connections Between Places
• Diffusion – Process by which a characteristic spreads across
space from one place to another over time.
• There are two basic types –
• Relocation
• Expansion
• Hearth - The place (region) from which an innovation originates.