Transcript Down to the Wire

Down to
the Wire:
____________________________
the GEOGRAPHY of Africa, Asia, &
Southwest Asia
Affect of Geography on Africa, Asia, & Southwest Asia
REGIONS / CLIMATE ZONES OF AFRICA
(UNIT 5)
Deserts - are found in the Sahara to the north and the Namib and
Kalahari to the south. These areas have little rain, high
temperatures, and few
plants and animals.
Sahel – a semiarid region south of the Sahara. This area is
experiencing desertification—a process by which a desert
spreads. Drought, or the lack of rain, is one cause of
desertification. The lack of rain causes fewer plants to grow.
Without plants, soil blows away, leaving a dry, barren landscape.
Other causes are overgrazing and overuse of the land for farming.
People in Africa and around the world are trying to stop this
process because a lack of enough arable land contributes to the
widespread hunger in many African countries.
Savannas - found in both semiarid and tropical areas, are flat grasslands with scattered trees and
shrubs. More than 4.5 million square miles of Africa are savannas. Many African animals, including
lions, elephants, giraffes, and zebras, live on these grasslands.
Rainforests – Located at the Equator, this climate has high temperatures year-round and annual
rainfall of 50 to 60 inches. Rain forests with trees as tall as 195 feet grow here. Many animals,
including the chimpanzee, gorilla, hippopotamus, and African gray parrot, live in the rain forest.
Affect of Geography on Africa, Asia, & Southwest Asia
Use your old notebooks and textbook readings (the table of continents is your friend) for each region to answer the questions for each region below.
…where people live?
SWA: how do deserts and rivers
affect…
It is critical in SWA to live near water since water is scarce in some parts of the Middle East.
Remember that not all or SWA is a desert.
Asia: How does climate, mountains,
deserts, and water affect…
People avoid living in the deserts and mountains and choose to live near rivers or the coasts.
Africa:
In the deserts, Sahel, savannas, and
rainforests, …
Most people in Africa live in the Savanna region. People in every region tend to live near rivers,
lakes, and other water sources. Not many choose to live in the desert while a few more live in
the Sahel region.
SWA: how do deserts and rivers affect…
Asia: How do mountains, deserts, and
water features affect…
…the work people do?
…how they travel?
Many of the people of SWA are involved in
the oil industry. However, the people of the
desert are usually herders. Along the rivers in
the region you will find major cities that have
major industry.
Deserts will have herders.
Mountains will have herders and small scale
farming.
automobiles, airplanes, and the occasional camel
automobiles, airplanes, boats on the rivers, foot
in the mountains, ect.
Most major industry will be near water
sources since that is where the people
live.
Africa:
How do deserts, the Sahel, savannas, and
rainforests, affect…
lumber industry in the rainforest,
deserts and sahel will have herders and some
oil and small scale farming (sahel),
Large cities on the savannas with major
manufacturing centers
Desert and Sahel – automobiles, airplanes, and the
occasional camel
Savanna – cars, buses, planes, foot, bikes, ect.
Rainforest – boats, foot, jeep/trucks
Characteristics
Where people live How people work How people travel
arid/dry
least amount of
people live in this
biome
Nomadic herders
of goats, sheep
and camel
Camel,
automobiles,
airplane
Near rivers or
other water
sources
Herders
Limited farming
Camel,
automobiles,
airplane
most people in
Africa live in this
region
Major
manufacturing
centers (large
cities), farming,
tourism industry
Cars, buses, trains,
airplanes, foot,
motorcycles, etc.
Lumber
Boat, jeep/truck,
foot
desert
Sahel
Transitional zone
between desert
and savannas /
semi-arid
wet season and a
dry season
savanna grasslands
animals like lions,
zebra, elephants
rain
forest
70 inches of rain
or more
Lots of vegetation
and animals
Near rivers, lakes,
and other water
sources
Limited farming
Fishing
Affect of Geography on Africa
•
• Things to remember…
• People like to live near water / most of
the world’s major cities are located by a river.
• Nomads are usually found in the desert
• Hard to farm and build roads in the mountains
because of the steep slopes
• Mountains and deserts acts a barriers (both trade and cultural)
between people. Examples:
– Sahara keeps the people of the north very different from sub-Saharan
Africa
– Himalayan Mts separate the people of India and China although they
are neighbors.
Map of Annexistan
A totally fake place
Golzbi Desert
South
Nolasco
Sea
1.
A.
B.
C.
Where would you probably find people living in
tents?
mountains
river
*C*
desert
2.
A.
B.
C.
Where would you find people working in fishing?
mountains
river
*B*
desert
3.
A.
B.
C.
Where would you most likely find nomadic herders?
mountains
river
*C*
desert
4.
A.
B.
C.
Which area would you expect to find farmers?
mountains
*B*
river
desert
5.
Where are you likely to find people using boats for
transportation?
mountains
river
*B*
desert
A.
B.
C.
Map of Annexistan
A totally fake place
Golzbi Desert
South
Nolasco
Sea
6.
A.
B.
C.
What area is least likely to have many cars?
mountains
*A*
river
desert
7.
A.
B.
C.
What area is most likely to be able to support a city?
mountains
rivers
*B*
desert
8.
Why do few people live in the Parkerburg Mountains?
Map of Annexistan
A totally fake place
Golzbi Desert
It’s difficult for people to live there,
grow food, or build roads.
9.
Which areas would have a lot of trade? Why?
The river and sea coast. Access to
water makes transportation of trade
goods easier.
10. Why aren’t many people living in the Golzbi Desert?
There isn’t enough water to support
much agriculture
South
Nolasco
Sea
Environmental Issues of Africa, Asia, & Southwest Asia
Good land is one of the most important resources in a society. People rely on the land to provide natural resources, grow farm
crops, and raise livestock. But, increasing population sizes in many parts of Africa are threatening the land through deforestation and
desertification.
Deforestation
Deforestation occurs when forests are cut to clear space for cultivation, grazing, or settlement, or when firewood or building
materials are needed. If deforestation goes unstopped, the damage to the soil can become permanent, turning the land into desert.
According to the United Nations, much of Africa's deforestation is caused by slash-and-burn agriculture. Much of Africa’s
soil lacks the nutrients needed to grow crops. Cutting down and burning trees makes this soil fertile for a short time (the ashes from the
burned wood makes the dirt rich with nutrients). But this is only a temporary effect, as nutrients are used up in a few months.
Forests are rarely replanted as people move to more fertile lands. Yet forests and trees make an essential contribution to rural life
by providing firewood, dyes, fruits, nuts, and building materials. Throughout much of Africa, women depend upon the sale of firewood to
increase family income. Firewood represents half the energy consumption in sub-Saharan Africa.
The fight against deforestation is being lost in many countries. For example, in Côte d’Ivoire, 90 percent of the trees have
disappeared. Hope comes from such countries as Ghana and Kenya, where African researchers are working to replenish the soil and slow
or stop deforestation. In South Africa, leaders have passed laws to plant new trees and reduce deforestation.
Desertification
More than one-third of Africa is threatened by desertification, which is the
permanent conversion of productive land into desert. On the southern corner of the
Sahara, an area the size of California and Oregon has become desert over the past 50
years. This basically means that the Sahara desert is growing. Countries in the Sahel
region are especially vulnerable to desertification, because they are so close to the
Sahara.
Desertification is often caused by human mismanagement through over
grazing, over cultivation, and deforestation. In many countries, desertification is the
result of uncontrolled slash and burn agriculture. In other countries, desertification is
caused by people harvesting trees for firewood (the primary fuel for cooking or
heating) or for sale as timber. In Botswana, the over grazing of cattle has turned huge
areas of land into desert.
Many countries in Africa are vulnerable to droughts, which can make desertification
worse.
Why does the Africa suffer from desertification?
a typical example
Population
Increases
More demand for energy
More demand for cattle
Deforestation for fire wood
Grassland suffers over grazing
Roots no longer hold soil together
Roots get eaten as well as grass
Leaves no longer protect soil from
weather
Loose top soil blown away by wind
(Soil Erosion)
=
Less vegetation means less
protection from weather
Loose top soil blown away by
wind (Soil Erosion)
desertification
=
Environmental Issues of Africa, Asia, & Southwest Asia
Water Pollution
How does water pollution happen?
Factories use lakes and rivers as a dumping
ground (China)
Sewage dumped into rivers and an lack of
treatment plants (India)
Which places we have studied are
experiencing water pollution?
China – Yangtze River
India – Ganges River
Africa – experiencing both industrial and
biological pollution
SWA – pollution of already limited water
supply
Flooding
Which places we have studied are
experiencing water flooding?
China and India (see unit 10 for further
info)
What’s the problem?
Monsoons bring heavy rains essential to
farmers and agriculture however too much rain
can cause crops to wash away and destruction
of property.
China has several powerful rivers with high silt
contents
Recently, dams have been constructed in some
regions to create reservoirs, but this restricts
the flow of water downstream
Environmental Issues of Africa, Asia, & Southwest Asia
Air Pollution
Acid Rain
What causes air pollution?
Auto and factory emissions
What causes acid rain?
Air pollution mixes with rain
Issues associated with air pollution include…
 Poor air quality
 Breathing problems and lung cancer,
 Hazy, polluted skies filled with smog make it hard
to see
 Can lead to acid rain
Issues associated with acid rain include…
 damage to vegetation and aquatic (water) life,
 contamination of drinking water,
 damage to physical structures such as buildings
and monuments.
Which countries we have studied are experiencing air
pollution?
China, India
Which countries we have studied are experiencing
acid rain?
China, India
What is important to remember about this
environmental issue?
Reducing use of fossil fuels can help solve the
problem of air pollution. Air pollution in one country
can easily affect neighboring countries.
What is important to remember about this
environmental issue?
becomes a problem to neighboring countries when
they are carried through the air causing acid rain in
those countries as well
Unequal Distribution of Resources
WATER
Water is a very important resource in Africa. Some regions of Africa have an overabundance of
water, while others have very little water. There is a lack of safe drinking water for sub-Saharan
Africa affects the development of that region. The major cause of pollution is not industry, but
natural environmental pollution, which presents additional problems for Africa. The lack of
water in northern Africa has affected its growth and development. Water also has a large impact
on agriculture and the use of irrigation to increase arable land for agriculture.
There are two significant issues surrounding water in the region. The first is the issue of unequal
distribution of water. Water is extremely important to the region: impact of water shortages in
the region and problems associated with the control of water resources, such as building dams,
and potential consequences of such actions. Be able to explain the consequences of water
pollution, the extent of the pollution, and the consequences for the region economically
(agriculture, irrigation) and for the population (drinking water).
OIL
Oil is not equally distributed through out SWA. Most of the oil fields are located in countries
around the Persian Gulf – Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia.
In South Asia, air pollution is a very serious problem. What is the primary cause of the
serious indoor air pollution problem in South Asia?
A. Improper sanitary procedures.
B. Too many people in the cities.
C. Lack of green cleaning products.
D. Cooking and heating with biomass fuels.
How have the Himalaya Mountains affected India and Pakistan?
A. Made much of India a desert.
B. Helped India to trade with China.
C. Isolated India and Pakistan from China.
D. Provided good soil for the development of agriculture.
In the Sahel, overgrazing and drought have resulted in a decrease in the grassland
region. What is this process called?
A. Deforestation
B. Desertification
C. Unequal distribution
D. Environmental pollution
Turkey’s building a dam on the Euphrates to protect and ensure their water supply had
what effect on the neighboring country of Iraq?
A. led to an increase in oil export
B. decreased available shipping routes from the Persian Gulf
C. decreased the amount of travel on the respective waterways
D. led to the unequal distribution of water
In sub-Saharan Africa, less than 50% of the population has access to safe drinking water
because of environmental pollution How has this shortage of safe drinking water affected
development in sub-Saharan Africa?
A. Slowed economic growth.
B. Increased size of the Sahara.
C. Increased population growth.
D. Slowed the deforestation of the rain forest.
Each year, millions of people bathe in the most sacred river in India. Because the river is
known as a source of sacred healing, people with sicknesses and diseases bathe
themselves hoping to be cured. For others, such as Hindu priests, bathing in the river is a
sacred tradition. As a result of some religious practices, lack of sanitation infrastructure in
certain areas, and the difficulty of regulating factories, cremated bodies, raw sewage, and
industrial waste from factories float down the river.
Based on the passage above, what environmental issue are the people of India facing?
A. Pollution of the Ganges
B. Deforestation of the rain forests
C. Erosion in Himalayan mountains
D. Pesticides polluting the region’s ground water
Explain why the population of the Sahara is low.
A. Limited access to water
B. Limited access to oil
C. Too much oil
D. Too much water
What effect does poor soil and deforestation have on land in Africa?
A. Land is excellent archeological dig sites.
B. Land is useless for farming and agriculture.
C. Land becomes part of national park systems.
D. Land becomes a better place to raise a family.
Ethnic group A group of people who share a
common and distinctive culture,
religion, race, and language
Religious Group A group of people who share the
same
religious beliefs (creed, practices,
& rituals)
JUDAISM
CHRISTIANITY
ISLAM
RELIGIONS BORN IN SWA -SEE PAGES 435-441 to complete
Beginnings
Very old
Abraham
SW Asia
Location
Practiced
After the
Diaspora in
the 1st
century AD,
Judaism is
scattered
around the
world
Gods or God
Monotheistic
1st
century AD
Jesus and the
disciples
SW Asia
620 AD
Muhammad
Mecca and Medina,
Saudi Arabia (SWA)
Found
worldwidespread by
European
colonialism
Practiced
mainly in the
Middle East,
Southern
Asia,
Southeast
Asia, and
North Africa
Monotheistic
Other Facts
Synagogue
Torah
Rabbi
Holy day is Sat.
(Sabbath)
Church
Bible
Priest, Pastor, Reverend
Sabbath for most is
Sunday
Mosque
Qu’ran or Koran
Imam
Friday at noon is the
Monotheistic – call god
most important prayer
Allah
5 Pillars
Beginnings
Location
Practiced
Gods or God
Other Facts
BUDDHISM
CONFUCANISM
500s BC
Modern day Nepal/
ancient India
Siddhartha Guatama
– aka the Buddha
Confucius
500s BC
China
Karma and reincarnation
Eastern Asia
Eastern Asia
Focuses on meeting your
spiritual goals – no gods
Focuses on correct
behavior and
relationships
Behave within the five key
relationships
HINDUISM
Karma and reincarnation
Very old – at least
4000 years
India
India
No known founder
many practice yoga and
Monotheistic even
vegetarianism
though the Absolute can
appear in many forms
Worship any number or
form of the Absolute.
Worship spirits in nature
/ form of nature worship
SHINTO
RELIGIONS FOUNDED IN SOUTHERN & EASTERN ASIA – SEE PAGES 593, 600,683, AND 690 or Unit 10
4 noble truths
Very old
No known founder
Japan
Japan
believe in spirits called
Kami and ancestor
worship
4 affirmations
What caused the split in Islam?
Sample Questions
Which is a major difference between Hinduism
and Islam?
A. Having sacred texts
B. View of the “afterlife”
C. Important influence in Southern and
Eastern Asia
D. Having different sects or groups within the
religion
The reason for division between Sunni and Shia
Muslims is based on the issue of
A. the issue of women’s rights within the
religion
B. who should control the natural resources of
the region
C. who should succeed Muhammad as leader
or caliph after his death
D. where the geographic center of the Islamic
world should be located
The religions of Judaism, Islam and Christianity
all have which characteristic in common.
A. polytheistic
B. monotheistic
C. ethnic groups
D. same holy book
Although Judaism, Islam and Christianity are
similar one key difference is
A. their patriarchal leader
B. their view on Jesus Christ
C. they have place of worship
D. Jerusalem is sacred Christianity alone
Which person is a member of a religious
group?
A. Nemal is a Kurd.
B. Mustafa is a Muslim.
C. Kimba is an Ashanti.
D. Lakesha is a Nigerian.
Which of these identifies a person as a
member of a religious group?
A. Same language
B. Shared beliefs
C. Same nationality
D. Shared physical traits
African religious beliefs include traditional
religious beliefs that came before the
introduction of Christianity and Islam to the
continent. Which of these statements
describes traditional African religious beliefs?
A. Belief in Krishna.
B. Belief their king is a god.
C. Belief in the importance of a divine savior.
D. Belief in the influence of ancestors of
daily life.