Transcript 10.02.01_part 1x

Agricultural
Industry
PART 1: Ag Areas and Inventions
AU10.02.01
A. Agriscience defined:
1. Agriscience is the
application of scientific
principles and new
technologies to
agriculture.
Agriscience
2. Also considered an applied
science because it applies
knowledge of biology, chemistry
and physics in practical ways.
Agriscience
a. Agronomists use biology
and chemistry to develop
new ways to control weeds.
b. Entomologists use biology
and chemistry to develop
new ways to control
insects.
Entomology
Agronomy
Agriscience
c. Agricultural engineers use
physics to develop new, more
efficient machinery.
Agriscience
3. Agriscience
employs the
scientific method to
solve problems in
agriculture.
B. Agriculture defined:
1. Agriculture is concerned with
the production, processing,
marketing and distribution of
all agricultural products,
related supplies and services.
2. Examples:
a. Cattle – production- farmer, cowcalf, feeder steers, processingslaughter facility, rendering, beef,
leather, marketing- butcher,
grocery, steaks, transportation –
plane, rail, truck, related supplies
and services- veterinarian, feed
dealer.
2. Examples:
b. Wheat – production -farmer,
grain, processing- grain mills,
flour, marketing - bakery, bread,
transportation - grain trucks,
rail, related supplies and
services – fertilizer dealer, crop
scouting, machinery dealer, GPS
2. Examples:
c. Roses – production - flower grower,
roses, processing/marketing –
harvesters, wholesale and retail florist,
transportation – plane, truck, floral
delivery driver, related supplies and
services – glass vase sales, greenhouse
manufacturers, floral designers
C. Agribusiness defined:
1. Agribusiness refers to commercial firms
(businesses) that have developed with or
stemmed out of agriculture.
2. Examples of Agribusiness:
a. Farm related: Chemical Company, Tractor
Manufacturer, Pharmaceutical Company
(veterinary medicines)
b. Horticulture related: Landscape or
nursery business, Seed company,
Mower Manufacturer
D. Renewable Natural Resources
defined:
1. Resources provided by nature
that can replace or renew
themselves.
2. Examples of natural resources
a. Wildlife – deer, songbirds, birds
of prey, fish, rabbits
b. Forests – trees, grasses,
E. Progress in U.S. Agriculture
1. Mechanization helps 2% of
America’s work force produce the
food and fiber to meet the needs
of our nation.
2. There has been a reduction from
90% of nations populace involved
in farming 200 years ago to less
than 2% in 2012.
E. Progress in U.S. Agriculture
3. Major
inventions/improvements
and inventors/researchers
Cotton gin (1793)
a. Eli Whitney invented
the cotton gin to
transform cotton to a
usable product by
removing the cottonseed
from the cotton fiber.
Early Cotton Gin
Early Cotton G
George Washington Carver
b. Soil improvement and crop
rotation (late 1890’s) - George
Washington Carver developed
crop rotations and the use of
legumes (plants that “make” their
own nitrogen, ie. peanuts) to
significantly improve soil fertility
in the U.S. south.
Grain Reaper (1834)
c. Grain reaper (1834) Cyrus
McCormick invented the
reaper to save labor in
cutting, wheat, oats, and
similar crops.
Jethro Tull
•Invented the horse
drawn seed drill
Grain Reaper
Iron plow
d. Iron plow (early 1800’s)
Thomas Jefferson inventor of
first iron plow.
Seed Planter
e. Seed planter (1834) and
Cotton planter (1836) - Henry
Blair
Steel Moldboard Plow
Steel moldboard plow
(1837) John Deere improved
the iron plow by inventing
the steel moldboard plow.
f.
Corn Picker
g. Corn picker (1850)
Edmund Quincy
Corn Picker
Corn Picker
Corn Picker
Barbed Wire
h. Barbed wire (1874)
Joseph Glidden –
dramatically changed raising
livestock. Barbed wire
tattoos came much later.
Milking Machine
i. Milking machine (1878)
Anna Baldwin changed the
dairy industry by inventing a
machine to replace hand
milking.
Thomas Elkins
j. Perishable food
preservation (1879) Thomas
Elkins designed a device that
helped with the task of
preserving perishable foods
by way of refrigeration.
Early Steam Tractors
Steam powered Caterpillar tractor built by Holt in 1908.
Tractor
k. Tractor (1904) Ben Holt
invented the tractor which
came to replace the mule as
the sources of power (horse
power).
1954
•In 1954 there were more
tractors than horses
used for power on the
farm.
Gene Gun
l. Gene gun (1987)
John Sanford
developed a device for
injecting cells with
genetic information.
GPS Technology
m. GPS technology (1993) – tractor
based GPS systems together with
sophisticated GIS (Geographic Information
Systems) uses a wide variety of techniques
to gather data such as soil condition,
humidity, temperature and other
variables, which the system then uses to
control such things as intensity of
planting, application of fertilizer and
pesticides, watering schedules, etc.
Robotic Milking Machine
n. Robotic milking Machines
(late 1990’s) – First used in
Ontario, Canada. Many benefits
one of which is reduction in
labor. Initial cost is primary
disadvantage especially to small
producer.
F. Establishment of Land Grant
Institution
1. Definition: An institution
designated by its state legislature
to receive funding (Morrill Acts of
1862 &1890) to teach agriculture,
military tactics and the
mechanical arts. A key component
is the agricultural experiment
station (Hatch Act 1887).
2. Examples
a. North Carolina A&T (1890) Greensboro, NC
b. North Carolina State University (1887)
Raleigh, NC
c. Clemson University (1889) Clemson, SC
d. University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA
e. University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville, TN
f. Virginia Tech. University (1872) Blacksburg, VA
G. Agriculture Related
Government Industries
1. Established to assist
farmers, ranchers and the
general public with
information, professional
assistance and, in some
cases, funding.
2. Examples:
a. USDA (1862) – United States
Department of Agriculture provides
leadership on food, agriculture,
natural resources, rural development,
nutrition, and related issues based on
sound public policy, the best available
science, and efficient management.
Examples of
branches/agencies of USDA:
1) NRCS (1935) - Natural
Resource Conservation
Service
2) APHIS (1972) – Animal and
Plant Health Inspection
Service
3) NASS (1863) – National
Agricultural Statistics Service
4) USFS (1905) –United States
Forest Service mission is to sustain
the health, diversity, and
productivity of the nation’s forests
and grasslands to meet the needs
of present and future generations.
b. NCCES (1914) North
Carolina Cooperative Extension
Service -to help, individuals,
families, and communities put
research –based knowledge to
work for economic prosperity,
environmental stewardship and
an improved quality of life.
Examples:
c. North Carolina
Department of Agriculture
and Consumer Services
(NCDA&CS) – To provide
services that promote and
improve agriculture.
H. Origins of Major Food Crops
1. Fruits and Vegetables
a. Peaches - China
b. Tomato – South America
c. Peanut – Peru, South
America
d. Sweet potato – Central
America
H. Origins of Major Food Crops
2. Grain, Oil and Fiber Crops
a. Corn – Cuba, Mexico
b. Soybeans – Southeast Asia
c. Cotton – Mexico, Africa,
Pakistan
d. Wheat – Southwest Asia (Syria,
Jordan, Turkey, India)
I. Major US Agricultural Production Regions
for Selected Crops and Livestock
1. Regions develop based on a
variety of factors including soils,
weather, market development, feed
availability, etc.
Examples
2. Examples of agricultural production
regions and/ or states that generally
rank high in U.S. production.
a. Citrus fruit – Florida, Texas and California
b. Corn belt – Includes all or parts of these
Midwestern states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri,
Kansas and Nebraska
Examples:
d. Spearmint – Washington, Oregon, Idaho
e. Floriculture crops- California, Florida, Michigan,
Texas, North Carolina
f. Beef cattle – Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado,
Oklahoma, Missouri, South Dakota (corn belt area)
g. Dairy – Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire,
Massachusetts, Maine, (California, Idaho and Texas are
leading producers but are not located in this region).
h. Hogs – North Carolina and Iowa, Illinois, Indiana,
Minnesota (Corn belt area)
i. Poultry (broilers) – Several southern and southeastern
states including North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas
Wheat
a. Hard Red Spring Wheat – (highest protein
content, excellent bread wheat, superior milling
and baking characteristics)
Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana,
Idaho, (also Oregon, Washington, California)
b. Soft Red Winter Wheat – (high yielding, low
protein, used for cakes, biscuits, pastries) Several
southeastern states including North Carolina,
Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and others, as well as
Midwestern states including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Missouri and others.
J.
North Carolina Agriculture
1. NC is divided into three basic
geographic and agricultural regions;
mountains, piedmont and coastal
plains. (Although counties from
another region may currently rank
higher in production of a particular
commodity, the commodities listed
below represent what the region is
traditionally known for producing.)
Examples
a. Mountain counties
1) Christmas trees
2) Apples
3) Trout
b. Piedmont counties
1) Greenhouse and Nursery crops
2) Broilers
3) Turkeys
4) Dairy
Examples
c. Eastern counties
1) Hogs
2) Turkeys
3) Broilers
4) Tobacco- flue-cured
5) Sweet potatoes
6) Vegetables
7) Peanuts
Examples
c. Eastern counties
1) Hogs
2) Turkeys
3) Broilers
4) Tobacco- flue-cured
5) Sweet potatoes
6) Vegetables
7) Peanuts
8) Cotton
9) Corn
10) Soybeans (world’s most important source of
vegetable oil).
2. Farm Cash Receipts
a. Statewide exceeds $10,000,000,000 ($10B)
annually
b. Livestock, Dairy and Poultry generate
approximately 2/3 of all farm cash receipts.
Broilers and hogs account for nearly half of this
amount.
c. Crops generate approximately 1/3 of all farm
cash receipts with greenhouse, nursery, floriculture
and Christmas trees currently being the leaders in
this category.